What is a joint VS a skeletal joint?
- Joint: (articulation) used to connect one componet of a structire wityh one or more other components
- Skeletal joint: union between 2 bones
what 3 factors make human tissue in joints unique?
- capable of changing structure
- Requires nourishmnet in order to survive
- Subject to diseas processes, injury, and the effects of aging
What locations are connective tissue found? And what is CT?
- cartilage
- joint capsules
- ligaments
- tendons
- bursa
- plates-menisci
- sesamoid bones
- bones in general
CT provides the basic framework of the body and is responsible for absorbing most of the mechanical forces to which the body is subject to. Often associated with the joints to allow movement and provide support
What are the different classifications of CT?
- Loose fibrous tissue
- Dense fibrous tissue
- Specilized connective tissue
Loose fibrous tissue
Not associated with skeletal system
Examples:
* areolar: basic supporting subatnce around organs, muscles, blood vessels, ect (comprises the fascia)
* adipose: aerolar tissue with fat containing cells, poor conductor of heat so it proptects body from ecessive heat loss or too high of temp increases
* reticular: forms farmework of the liver, lymph organs, and bone marrow; part of reticuloendothial sustem ; strong line of defense from infection
Describe Dense Fibrous Tissue, its types of arrangements, and its 2 types of fibers.
dense connective tisssue possesses large fibers that are very strong (found in places needed for great strength). They are either collagen or elastic fibers
* Regular arrangmnet of fibers found in tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments
* Irregular arrangment found in fascia, capsules, and muscles sheeth
Collagen: non-elastic tissue, most commonly found fiber in CT, wavy pattern allows for movemnet until slack is taken up
Elastin: elastic fibers, stretch and return to original size
Fibroblasts: CT tissue cells that are responsible for formation and repair of CT fibers
What are examples of Dense Fibrous Tissues?
- Ligaments: bone to bone; prevents futher dislocation and limits ROM not appropriate at that joint. HIgh level of stability
- Tendons: connects muscle to bone; transfers muscle tension from muscle to bone to cause motion. (may form flatterned membranes called aponeuroses; most tendons occur in narrow bands or rounded cords; tendons attach to other muscle cells at one end and the the connective tissue of the bone called the perisoteum, at the other
- Bursae: tissue spaces form pocket-like accumulations of fluid; they are flat sacs of synovial membrane. Found in structiures of tight approximations: subcutaneous (skin and bone), subtendinous (tendon and bone), and submuscular bursa (muscle and bone.
- Fascia: CT arranged in form of enveloping sheaths. Can be superficial (under dermis and contributes to mobility of skin, also an insulator; or deep (attach to muscles and bones)
What are examples of specialized connective tissue structures?
- Cartilage
- Bones
- Blood and hematopoetic tissue (fluid tissue circulating through body carrying nutrienst and removing waste)
- Lymphoid tissue: in lymph nodes, splee, tonsils, adenoid; function in antibody production
What types of cartilage are found in specialized CT?
- Fibrocartilage: mostly collagen with some elastin. Forms menisci or joint discs, “glue” that connects bony components, helps stabilize
- Hyaline cartilge: found on the ends of the bony surfaces of mobile joints. Reduces fruction and distrubutes forces. Motion is lotion–> nourishemnet comes from back and forth flow of fluid duing joint motion or com(dep)pression. Fluid flows out of the cartilage as motion occurs and the coartialge is being compresses; fluid flows back into the cartilage after motion or compression ceases
Specialized CT is found in bones. What types of bones are there?
Ct in bones is rigid yet elastic, it remodels over response to stress. The outer layer of bone is called the Periosteum (tough CT fibrous membrane that si vasculaized and nourished bones). –> in mobile joints the periosteum is replaced by hyaline cartliage
- Long bones: slender shafts, conserve weight and withstand heavy stress. Found in arms and legs often to maximize speed (humerus, femur)
- Short bones: spongy, with thin and hard surface, tend to be rounder in shape, with irregualr shaft. Found in hands and feet (carpal bones)
- Flat bones: broad and smooth surfaces, mostly used to protect vital organs. EX) scapula and pelvis
- Irregular bones: bones that don’t fit elsewhere; EX: ears, face, vertebrae
- Sesamoid bones: round/oval shaped within tendons, they protect tendon and change its angle of pull. EX) patella, behind great toe
What 3 factors affect the stability of a joint?
- Osseous (bony) support: shape and size of the bone determines how well they fit together
- Ligamentous support: they restrain motion but also provide a stabilizing force to a joint
- Surrounding muscular support: position of the surrounding muscles of the joint will determine how much stability the muscles will provide
What is elasticity? Describe the elastic vs plastic range
Elasticity is the ability of soft tissue to stretch and return to its resting length after passive stretch
- Elastic range: range where tissue can retun to its OG size after load is released
- Plastic range: range beyond elastic range, to the point of rupture. Tissue strained in this raneg will be permanetly deformed. However this can be good when used for passive stretching to increase ROM and assume new length (must be consistent)
If you exceed the plastic range, the tissue fails and can lead to ruptiure of CT
What are the 3 types of joint classifications?
- Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
- Synarthrosis: immovable
- Diarthrosis: freely moving
Describe the 3 types of synathrosis joints?
Synarthrotic joints seve a protective function. Direct union between bone to bone
- Suture (synostosis): EX): sutures of the skull
- Gomphosis: peg-in-a-hole; EX) teeth
- Syndesmosis: tough fibrous connection between bones; EX) interosseous membrane, ligamnet between tibia and fibula
Descibe the 2 types of amphiarthrosis joints?
Restricst ROM a bit as they are only slightly movable. Used to connect bony components is fibrocartilage or hyaline
- Symphysis: fibrocartilage connection; pubic symphsysis
- synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage connection; between ribs or at the epiphseal plates
What are diarthrotic joints?
Large ROM, used in motor performance. The articulating surafce is hyanline cartialge and is enclosed in a joint capsule
- also produces synovial fluid
What is the joint capsule made of? What is synovial fluid?
- Stratum fibrosum: outer layer of dense fibrous tissue, which encloses bony components. Attatches to periosteum
- poorly vascularized
- richly innervated
- Stratum synovium: inner layer that is
- highly vascularized
- poorly innervated
- produces synovial fluid
Synovial fluid: plasma dialysate that lubricates. It is produced in a small amount and covers the articular surfaces, injury here can cause too much production and = loss of ROM and pain
What are the 6 types of joints
- Hinge joint
- allows for flex/extens, 1 DF, example (elbow) - Pivot joint
- bone rolls around the other, 1 DF, example (head turning) - condyloid joint
- convex surface on concave surface allows for 2 DF, flex/ext and abd/add. EX) wrist - saddle joint
- modified condyloid joint, 2 DF, EX: thumb - ball and socket
- 3 DF, ex) shoulder - plane
- the two articulating surafces are almots flat and allow for gliding movement. 3 DF, ex) between the metacarpal joints in the hands
Closed vs open kinetic chain?
Closed kinetic chain:
* distal segment of the extremity is fixed
* movement in one joint will cuase predictable movemnet in other joint
Open kinetic chain:
* ends of the upper or lower extremiy are not fixed
* they are free to move and function independently
Close vs loose packed position
Loose
* surafces of the bony component are not “perfectly aligned”. The ligamentous and capsular are slack, and surfaces are more easily distracted passivley. What abouyt the role of msucles
Closed:
* the position of bony parts of the joint align very closely and are taught. The joint cannot be passively distracted, and is stable
What are the different types of end feels?
- Soft: squishy, (muscle to muscle), ex: end of elbow flexion, you feel like you can go further
- Hard: bone on bone, you reached the end of the joint ROM, ex: elbow extension
- Firm: result of muscular/ligamentous stretch, feel a tightness. EX: shoulder flexion ROM
What is the rule of 3?
- name the movement
- name the bone/body part moving
- name the joint at which the movemnet is occuirng
