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OT Kinesiology > Elbow and forearm complex > Flashcards

Elbow and forearm complex Flashcards

Exam III

1
Q

What is the role of the elbow-forearm complex?

A

Positions the wrist and seves the hand

Helps to allow the hand to move through space
* shortening and/or lengthening the arm
* rotating the forearm

Allows for stability and control
* skilled and forceful movements
* forecful upper extremity movements

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2
Q

What are examples of daily occupataions that we do with our hands, thanks to our elbow and forearm joints?

A
  • pushing up out of a chair
  • reaching a filing cabinet that is close to us
  • opening a door
  • eating
  • taking a drink to our mouth
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3
Q

What are the 3 joints that make up the elbow/forearm complex?

A

3 joints all encompasses in a single articular capsule
* Humeroulnar
* Humeroradial
* Proximal radioulnar

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4
Q

What type of joint is the Humeroulnar joint, and what is its action?

A
  • uniaxial hinge joint
  • It pulls the radius/ulna as one unit (we get a lot of movement from here)
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5
Q

What type of joint is the Humeroradial joint, and what is its action?

A
  • uniaxial hinge joint
  • pulls the radius/ulna as one unit
  • BUT just goes along for the ride with the humerolnar joint
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6
Q

What type of joint is the Proximal radioulnar joint, and what is its action?

A
  • Synovial Pivot joint
  • the forearm joint pivots, allowing for supination and pronation
  • the ulna is stable, while the radius moves around the ulna proximally
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7
Q

Describe how all 3 joints are enclosed within the capsule?

A
  • anteriorly the capsule is attached to the humerus and ulna
  • Posteriorly it is attched to the humerus along upper edge of olecranon process
  • Capsule is large, loose, and weak anteriorly and posteriorly
    This is becuase it allows for movements of flexion and extension
    but is reinforced by ligaments on its sides
  • not much excursion at the joint
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8
Q

What are the bones of the complex?

A
  • Distal end of the humerus: medial epicondyle connects with the ulnar/lateral epicondyle connects with the radius
  • Proximal ulna: larger, has radial notch to help bind with radius and prevent dislocation
  • Proximal radius: smaller, radial head turns within the radial notch of the ulna
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9
Q

Be able to identify landmarks of the distal humerus

A
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • medial epicondyle
  • trochlea
  • capitulum
  • cornoid fossa
  • olecranon fossa
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10
Q

Be able to identify landmarks on the radius and ulna

A
  • olecranon process
  • coronoid process
  • trochlear nothc
  • radial notch
  • ulnar tuberosity
  • head of radius
  • radial tuberosity
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11
Q

What are the ligaments/supporting structures in the elbow? And what do they do?

A
  • Elbow ligaments help prevent undesirable movements
  • radial collateral
  • ulnar collateral
  • annular
  • quadrate
  • oblique cord
  • interosseous membrane
  • anteior and posterior radioulnar
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12
Q

What do the ulnar collateral and radial collateal ligaments do?

A

Both prevent dislocation at the elbow

  • Ulnar collateral: provides medial stability and prevents excessive lateral movement (tightens as it moves laterally)
  • Radial collateral ligament: provides lateral stability and prevents excessive medial movement (tightens as it moves medially)
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13
Q

What does the annular ligament do?

A
  • wraps around the radial head and hold it tightly in the radial notch of the ulna
  • attaches anteriorly and posteriorly to the ulna
  • Maintains proximal radioulnar articulation while allowing the radius to pivot
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14
Q

What does the quadrate ligament do?

A
  • reinforces inferior aspect of joint capsule and maintains proximity of radial head to raidual notch
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15
Q

What does the oblique cord do?

A
  • runs diagonally between the radius and ulna, assists in preventing seperation of the radius and ulna
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16
Q

What does the interosseous membrane do?

A
  • provides stability for proximal and distal radioulnar joints
  • helps maintain position of the radius and ulna
  • it is an immovable joint
17
Q

What do the anterior and posterior radioulnar ligaments do?

A
  • located at distal ends of radius and ulna
  • provide stability for diatl radioulnar joint (an immovable joint)
18
Q

Describe the biceps brachii and the brachialis?

A

Biceps Brachii
* O: upper part of glenoid fossa and tip of coracoid process of scapula
* I: bicipetal tuberosity of radius on the antero-medial of the radial shaft
* A:** flexion** of elbow and supination of the forearm
(ned this when picking up something to bring to your face for adl)

Brachialis:
* O: lower 1/2 of anterior suface of humerus
* I: ulnar tuberosity below the coronoid process (no rotary component bc it pulls on the ulna which is stable)
* A: flexes forearm at elbow

19
Q

Describe the brachioradialis, pronator teres, and pronator quadratus?

A

Brachioradialis:
* O: upper 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge
* I: lateral side of styloid process on radius
* A: elbow flexion and can pronate and supinate forearm in neurtral position

Pronator teres:
* O: medial epicondyle of humerus and medial side of cornoid process of ulna
* I: Middle 2/3 of lateral surface of radius
* A: pronation and can be an emergency assist to forearm flexion

Pronator quadratus
* O: anterior aspect of lower part of ulna
* I: anterior surface of lower part of radius
* A: forearm pronation, provides more forceful pronation that pronator teres

20
Q

Describe the triceps brachii, anconeus, and supinator?

A

Triceps brachii:
* O: long head = infraglenoid tub, lateral head = superior 1/2 of posterior humerus, medial head = inferior 2/3 of the posterior surface of humerus
* I: olecranon process of ulna
* A: elbow extensor

Anconeus: crook of elbow
A: initiates elbow extension (so that triceps can take over)

Supinator:
* O: lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent portion of ulna
* I: oblique line on the lateral anterior surface of upper 2/3 part of radius
* Action = supination of forearm

21
Q

What are the general effects of disease or injury?

A
  • longitudinal compression injuries
  • Longitudinal distractive injuries
  • Avascular necrosis
  • Fractures (supracondylar)
22
Q

What are longitudinal compression and distractive injuries?

A

Longitudinal compression:
* usually results from falling on the hand with the elbow in a close-packed position–» the radial head or olecranon process might also be fractured due to the force of the fall

Longitudinal distractive:
* sudden or foreceful pull on the radius may result in the radial head being pulled out of annular alignment. Very often seen in children and is called nursemaid’s elbow or pulled elbow

23
Q

Describe supracondylar fractures?

A
  • Often associated with compression injuries to the elbow
  • Force from falling on an outstretchd hand may be translated through the radius and ulna, up to the humerus
  • Fractires at this level may also cause damage to the median nerve or ulnar nerves
24
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?
What is medial epicondylitis

A
  • Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow): a result of excessive or repeated foreful contractions of the wrist extensors that have their proximal attachment on th ehumeral lateral epicondyle
  • Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow): result of excessive or repeated forceful contractires of wrist flexors that have their proximal attachmnet on the humeral medial epicondyle
25
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A
  • death of the connective tissue as a result of poor blood supply to the forearm, This may occur at the elbow due to improper casting for fractures of the radius, ulna, or spuracondylar of the humerus.
  • Can lead to Volkmann’s contracture
26
Q

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

A
  • the ulnar nerve may become compressed as it passes through the cubital tunnel.
  • can experience numbness or tingling in the ring and small fingers, pain in the forearm, and/or weakness in the hand
27
Q

Application questions:
1. when you hold a phone to your ear, what primary muscles are being used?
2. When you use a hammer, on the downward stroke what primary muscles are being used?
3. When you splash h20 on your face, what primary muscles are being used?
4. When you position your arm as you release a dart, what primary muscles are being used?

A

OT Kinesiology (11 decks)

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