JOINT MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Flashcards
o study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement
Structural Kinesiology
Bones are composed of?
Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water
What provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension
Collagen provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension
T or F
Aging causes progressive loss of collagen and increases brittleness
TRUE
Fixed Connective Tissue Cell Types (7)
Fibroblast - tendon, ligaments, skin
Chondroblast - cartilage
Osteoblast - bone formation
Osteoclast
Mast Cells
Adipose Cells
Mesenchyme Cells
- including elevations and projections
Processes
including opening and grooves
Cavities or Depressions
A junction between two or more bones to permit
movement
Joint
T or F
Arthrology - study of bones
False
Arthrology - study of joints
connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones
Articulation
T or F
Synarthroses - movable
FALSE
Synarthroses - immovable
T or F
Amphiarthroses - slightly movable
TRUE
Diarthroses - freely movable joints
Diarthroses - freely movable joints
composed of intervening fibrous tissue with no joint cavity, immovable joints
Fibrous
articulating bones are united by
cartilage, hyaline or fibrocartilage, with no joint cavity
Cartilaginous
articulating bones are separated by a
fluid-filled joint cavity, freely movable
Synovial
● Immovable joints which permits the stability of bones
● Suture such as skull sutures (Fontanel on babies)
● Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla
Synarthrosis
● Slightly movable joints
● Allow a slight amount of motion to occur
Amphiarthrodial
Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones
Symphysis
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones
Synchondrosis
Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseous membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones. Bones may or
may not touch each other at the actual joint
Syndesmosis
T or F
○ Stratum Fibrosum - thicker
○ Stratum Synovium - produces synovial fluid
TRUE
inflammation of joint due to a problem in the serum of the blood
Rheumatoid Arthritis
decrease of fluid and joint space, friction of
joints
Osteoarthritis
○ A ligamentous part of the joint capsule that
determines the range of motion
○ Fibrous layer of capsule - considered to be poorly vascularized but well innervated (nerve supply)
Fibrous Capsule
T or F
Fibrous Capsule are well innervated
TRUE
○ Responsible for the secretion for the synovial fluid
○ Synovial fluid is important for the lubrication of the bones
○ Both well vascularized and well innervated
Synovial Membrane
Components of Synovial FLuid
Fluid - composed of hyaluronate for the hydration,
and lubricin for lubrication
Bands of tough elastic tissue around your joints
Ligaments
For the reduction or reducing of the wear and tear in
between the bones
Articular Cartilage
Associated with the freedom of movement by
reducing friction but increasing absorption
Articular Cartilage
Thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage
Articular Disc or Meniscus
Fluid sacs that reduce the friction
Bursae
Adds cushion to our bones
Fat Pads or Haversian Glands
Six Types of Diarthrodial Joint
○ Arthrodial / Gliding / Plane
○ Ginglymus / Hinge
○ Trochoid / Pivot
○ Condyloid
○ Sellar / Saddle
○ Enarthrodial / Ball and Socket
2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other.
Little motion possible in any 1 joint articular.
Arthrodial or Planar Joints
T or F
Arthrodial or Planar Joints Don’t work
together in series of articulations
FALSE
Usually work together in series of articulations
A uniaxial articulation articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane. Looks like a hinge in the door - can be open or close
Ginglymus or Hinge Joints
A uniaxial articulation/ Rounded end of one
bone fits into the concavity of another bone. The meeting point of the radius and ulna - pronation and supination
Trochoid or Pivot Joints
Biaxial ball and socket joint one bone with an
oval concave surface received by another
bone with an oval convex surface
Condyloid
Unique biaxial joint with 2 reciprocally
concave and convex articular surfaces
Sellar or Saddle Joint
Multiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint.
Bony rounded head fitting into a concave
articular surface
Enarthrodial - Ball
and Socket
Hinge within the sagittal plane, and Pivot within transverse plane
Uniaxial
Condylar and Saddle for both frontal and sagittal
plane
Biaxial
Plane, Ball and Socket
Multiaxial
Area through which joint may normally be freely and
painlessly moved
Range of Motion
● Measurable degree of movement potential in a joint or joints
Range of Motion
Measured with a goniometer in 0 degrees to 360 degrees
Range of Motion
Composed of a regular collagenous connective
tissue, strongest tissue in the body
Tendons
Transmit through actively, active muscle Contraction, and passively, muscle stretched by an external force
○ 1st line of defense for joint stability
○ If the load is greater than the force, the muscle can be injured
Tendons
functions OF TENDONS
Functions is to connect a muscle to a bone and
transmit movement
- the tendon is used to describe a narrow
band or chord like connection, aponeurosis is a broad band
Aponeurosis
A closed sac of synovial fluid interposed between a
tendon and other structures such as an osseofibrous tunnel or retinaculum
Synovial Sheaths
What protects tendons from wear and tear
Synovial Sheaths
○ Regular collagenous tissue
○ Typically enclose the entire joint
Joint Capsules
○ Crisscrossed arrangement can strongly resist any
stretch in different directions
○ Passive, it must be stretched by an external force to determine the end point of the range of motion
Joint Capsules
Regular collagenous tissue whose fibers are aligned in a direction of imposed stress that commonly occurs at the joint
Ligaments
T or F
Ligaments are active
FALSE
IT is passive
T or F
Ligaments are the 2nd line of defense
TRUE
Found in all types of synovial joint in addition of the joint capsule
Ligaments
Determines the end range of motion
Ligaments
Category of ligament:
as a distinct thickening in part of the joint capsule that provides additional strength in one direction
Capsular Ligaments
- as distinct bands that are separate from the joint capsule or only partially attached to it
Non Capsular Ligament
Is a broad single layered sheet or regular collagenous
connective tissue
Retinaculum
Serve the primary function of maintaining proper
position of tendons
Retinaculum
○ A disc fibrocartilage that lies between the two bones forming the articulation
○ Their function is to improve congruence in the joint
○ Improves shock absorption
Articular Disc
A closed sac of synovial fluid that is interposed
between structures usually bone and some other soft tissue that move relative to each other
Bursae
inflammation of bursae
Bursitis
○ Composed of fibrocartilage
○ Deepens the socket of our joints to provide more
stability - another cushion
○ Increases or permits greater range of motion
Labrum
Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Excitability or Irritability
Conductivity
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
to stretch and go back to its original form
Elasticity
the ability to extend or stretch without being
damaged
Extensibility
the ability to shorten in response to a
stimulus
Contractility
propagation of the action potential
Conductivity
- responding to a stimulus with the
presence of Acetylcholine
Excitability or Irritability
Coverings of the muscle
Coverings
1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. Endomysium
Axon of motor and sensory neurons
Nervous Tissue
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Myoglobin Content: High
Speed of Contraction: Slow
Type I Slow Oxidative
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Type IIA
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Diameter Intermediate
Muscle Color Red
Rate of Fatigue Intermediate
Type IIA
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Slow Oxidative
Type I
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Diameter Small
Muscle Color Red
Type I
T or F
Connective tissue can produce force when stretched because of its elastic nature and its stiffness
TRUE
T or F
Muscle tissue generates force through shortening as described by the sliding filament theory
TRUE
Capillarity of TYPE I, Type IIA, & Type IIB
Capillarity Type I: Dense, Type IIA: Dense, Type IIB: Sparse
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Muscle Color: White
Rate of Fatigue: Fast
Type IIB Fast Glycolytic
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers:
Speed of Contraction: Fast Fast
Type IIA Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Type IIB Fast Glycolytic
Provoke reflex contraction in stretched muscle and
inhibit tension in antagonists
Muscle Spindles
○ Inhibit tension in stretched muscle and initiate tension development in antagonists
Golgi Tendon Organs
Defined as the limited ability of a multiarticular muscle to produce force when placed in a shortened position
across all of its joints simultaneously
○ “Shortened position - less force”
Active Insufficiency
Limited ability of a multiarticular muscle to stretch far enough to allow full ROM across all of its joints
simultaneously
○ “Full ROM - less stretch”
Passive Insufficiency
Role of Muscles
● Agonist or Prime Movers
● Antagonist
● Fixators
● Synergists
