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Johnson Civil Rights Flashcards

1
Q

Selma

A

50% black, 23 registered to vote
King led would-be voters in a march to register, a trooper shot a black youth and the venomous snakes
SCLC and SNCC organised march from Selma to Montgomery to campaign for a Voting Rights Act
‘Bloody Sunday’ state troopers attacked with clubs and tear gas
7th March 1965

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2
Q

Voting Rights Act

A

1965 disallowed literacy tests and questions on state constitutions
replaced racist registrars with federal
may have failed to pass without Selma

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3
Q

urban riots

A

1965-68

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4
Q

causes of urban riots

A

‘long hot summers’, civil rights movement only aided south, those born in ghettos couldn’t break out the cycle of poverty, 32% ghetto pupils finished high school- 56% white pupils, early 60s 46% unemployed were black

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5
Q

Watts, LA

A

1965 34 deaths, 1000 injuries, 3500 rioters and looters arrested, over $40mil damages to largely white owned businesses

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6
Q

Detroit

A

1967 40 deaths, 2000 injured, 5000 arrested, 5000 made homeless, had previously been seen as a model city for integrated relations

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7
Q

Newark

A

July 1967 rumours of police brutality against a black taxi driver, black ghetto erupted.
6 days of riots, 26 died, 1500 injured, much of the inner city burnt down

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8
Q

result of MLK assassination

A

1968 sparked more riots in 100 cities.
46 dead, 3000 injured, 27,000 arrested

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9
Q

‘hostile outbursts’

A

225 between 1964-68

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10
Q

Civil Rights Act

A

1964 used Kennedys death, needed to pass before civil unrest forced it through. Signed July, ended segregation in the South and prohibited segregation in public places (anywhere that received federal funding)

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11
Q

Support and opposition for Civil Rights Act

A

By January 1964, 68% public supported meaningful civil rights legislation
many african-americans felt it didn’t go far enough

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12
Q

Freedom Summer

A

Mississippi 1964
Thousands of black and white students joined campaign
17,000 black residents attempted to register, only 1600 approved, 1062 arrests, 37 churches bombed, 80 workers beaten

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13
Q

Bombing of Birmingham church

A

1963- 4 black schoolgirls killed and over 20 injured. Thousands of angry protesters, 2 men killed (1 by the police, 1 by racists)
MLK conducted a funeral to 8,000 mourners
perpetrator charged with buying dynamite but cleared for murder

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14
Q

Kerner report

A

Feb 1968
Johnson commissioned Otto Kerner, Gov of Illinois to investigate causes of riots

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15
Q

Kerner report basic conclusion

A

‘our nation is moving towards two societies, one black, one white- separate and unequal’

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16
Q

Reason given by Kerner report

A

12 reasons
inadequate housing, education, federal programs, municipal services and welfare programs, poor recreation facilities and programs, unemployment, police practices, ineffectiveness of political structure, disrespectful white attitudes, discriminatory justice, credit and consumer practices

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17
Q

opposition to civil rights post 1965

A

Kerner and other reports recommended increased expenditure on ghettos- whites didn’t want extra taxes to do this. Didn’t want to stop ghetto overcrowding by welcoming them into white neighbourhoods as it made property values fall. Increasingly perceived blacks as seeking ‘handouts’, white voters attributed high taxes with near 50% increase in federal expenditure, in reality it was due to Vietnam

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18
Q

Selma

A

50% black, 23 registered to vote. King led would-be voters in march to register, trooper shot a black youth and whites threw venomous snakes.
7th March 1965 SCLC SNCC organised march from Selma to Montgomery to campaign for voting rights Act. ‘Bloody Sunday’ states troopers attacked with clubs and teargas

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19
Q

Voting Right Act

A

1965 disallowed literacy tests and questions on state constitutions, replaced racist registrars with federal ones.
May have failed to pass without Selma

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20
Q

Birmingham bombing

A

1963 4 black schoolgirls killed over 20 injured. Thousand of angry protesters, 2 men killed (1 by police, 1 by racists) MLK led a funeral to 8,000 mourners

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21
Q

Civil Rights Act

A

July 1964 used Kennedys death and needed to pass before civil unrest forced it through. Ended segregation in the South and prohibited segregation in any places (anywhere that received federal funding)

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22
Q

Support and oppositions towards Civil Rights Act

A

By Jan 1964, 68% public supported meaningful civil rights legislation
Many African Americans thought it didn’t go far enough

23
Q

Urban riots

24
Q

Causes of urban riots

A

‘long hot summers’, civil rights movement only aided South, those born in ghettos couldn’t break out cycle of poverty, 32% ghetto pupils finished high school- 56% white pupils, early 60s 46% unemployed were black

25
Watts, LA
1965 34 deaths, 1000 injuries, 3500 rioters and looters arrested, over $40mil damages to largely white businesses
26
Detroit
1967 40 deaths, 2000 injured, 5000 arrested, 5000 made homeless, had previously been seen as a model for interracial relations
27
Newark
July 1967 rumours of police brutality against a black taxi driver. Black ghetto erupted. 6 days of riots, 26 died, 1500 injured, much of the inner city burnt down
28
Assassination of MLK consequences
1968 sparked more riots in 100 cities, 46 dead, 3000 injured, 27,000 arrested
29
‘hostile outbursts’
225 between 1964-68
30
Kerner report
Feb 1968 Johnson commissioned Otto Kerner Gov of Illinois to investigate causes of riots
31
Kerner report basic conclusion
‘our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white- separate and unequal’
32
Kerner report reasons
12 reasons inadequate housing, education, federal programmes, municipal services and welfare programmes, poor recreation facilities and programmes, unemployment, police practices, ineffectiveness of political structure, disrespectful white attitudes, discriminatory justice, consumer and credit practices
33
opposition to kerner and other reports
recommended increased expenditure on ghettos but most whites didn’t want extra taxes. Attributed rise in taxes to near 50% increase in federal expenditure but it was due to Vietnam. Didn’t want to stop ghetto overcrowding by welcoming black people to their neighbourhood as it made property values fall. increasingly perceived black people as seeking ‘handouts’
34
Why Chicago?
3 mil people, 700,000 black
35
civil rights action post CRA
King said movement now needed to focus on economic justice and opportunity to allow black people to afford the restaurants they can now sit in
36
Actions in Chicago
King moved to a ghetto apartment which the landlord quickly renovated July 1966 rally gathered around 30,000 hoped for 100,000 Democracy mayor Daley met regularly with King but meeting were unproductive March through white working class area Cicero saw violent opposition, cries of ‘apes’ and ‘savages’. King was hit by a rock and decided to leave. His deputy took over who led a limited campaign of economic boycotts
37
Reasons for Chicagos failure
no real plan and Kings focus wasn’t on the real concerns of African-Americans
38
Johnson Chicago
made $4mil of federal funds available which was nowhere near enough
39
James Meredith
June 1966 embarked on 200 mile walk from Memphis to Jackson. On the second day he was shot and unable to continue to civil rights leaders vowed to complete his march
40
conflict in James Meredith’s march
NAACP wanted to focus on new civil rights bill and withdrew when Carmichael criticised the bill, King welcomed white participants but SNCC rejected them, Meredith felt excluded and began a march of his own, some SCLC leaders joined him to disguise the split
41
Difference in chants, James Meredith march
Stokely Carmichael chants ‘black power’ King tried to encourage chants of ‘Freedom now’
42
New leader of SNCC
Stokely Carmichael
43
marchers in James Meredith walk
15,000 ended at Jackson with rival chants
44
Black power
unclear, undefined. Only area of unanimity was emphasis on black pride and culture. King- ‘slogan without a programme’ as it became more popular he tried to give it positive connotations as an ‘attempt to develop pride’
45
Black Panther Party founding
1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
46
Black Panther Party ideas
Marxist, guerrilla warfare, advocated killing of police officers
47
Black Panther Party actions
30 urban chapters, community initiatives- respect in ghettos, set up ghetto clinics to advise on health, welfare, legal rights and ran lessons to educate young people in their beliefs. 1970- Southern California chapter of Free Breakfast Programme served 1,700 meals weekly Armed BP followed police cars in ghettos to expose police brutality
48
FBI action to BPP
forged letters to provoke conflict between leaders, used infiltrators Leader of FBI Edgar J. Hoover called them ‘one of the greatest threats to the nations internal security’ 1968
49
Huey Newton
1967 arrested for allegedly killing a police officer. Released in 1970 to find the party different- more focused on revolution than self defence
50
BPP poll
1966 under 5% African Americans approved of groups like BPP could be slanted results
51
Malcolm X
believed black people needed land, power and freedom, not desegregation. Insisted ‘black is beautiful’. Openly challenged MLKs non-violent approach. Barred from speeches for 90 days after commenting on JFKs death. Parted ways with NOI 1964 and gained enlightenment. Est Organisation of Afro-American Union Assassinated in 1965
52
BPP membership
never more than 5,000
53
positive aspects of NOI
provided African Americans with an alternative to white mans christianity Increased black self esteem encouraged black americans to improve their economic situation created many businesses that symbolised black success
54
negative aspects of NOI
Wanted black and white separate Antagonised other African Americans (called MLK uncle Tom) Malcom X and 2 other left 1964 and publicised materialism and hypocrisy within movement Elijah Muhammad dismissed non muslim African culture Blamed for increased black violence

History- America (17 decks)

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