JLPT Taisaku Japanese Grammar Flashcards
Learn Japanese grammar for the JLPT
に関わらず／にかかわらず／に拘わらず
Meaning
In regardless of.
Example:
私はなぜか、ルックスに関わらず三枚目の人を好きになることが多いです。
I often find myself falling for jokers, regardless of their looks.
あるいは
Meaning
Or , either , perhaps
Examples:
あなたかあるいは私が間違えてる。
Either you or me is wrong.
によって
Meaning
according to; by (means of); due to; because of
Examples:
ワインにはいろいろなタイプがあり、それによって 育成の 仕方もさまざまです。
There are various types of wines and the way they are matured varies accordingly.
しかも/然も
Meaning:
moreover; furthermore, nevertheless; and yet
Example:
山越えの道は狭く、しかも急勾配だった。
The road across the mountain was narrow, and what’s more, it was a steep slope.
尚更／なおさら
Meaning:
still more; even more; all the more
Example:
彼女は欠点があるので、なおさら好きです。
I like her all the better for her faults.
ものの
Meaning
but; although
Example:
高校時代から付き合っている彼氏はいるものの、付き合が惰性になっていると感じ、不満を募らせている。
She has a boyfriend she’s been going out with since high school but feels their relationship has become a matter of habit and is increasingly dissatisfied.
物なら／ものなら
if I (we, etc.) could
Example:
万一彼が君の結婚のことを聞こうものなら、彼はものすごく怒るだろう。
If by chance should he hear about your marriage, he will be furious.
なんら／何ら
whatever; what; what sort of; any kind of ／ nothing whatever (with neg. verb)
Example:
貧しいことは、何ら不名誉ではない。
There is no disgrace in being poor.
仮に／かりに
supposing; even if; granting that; for argument’s sake / temporarily; provisionally; for the time being
Example:
仮に競馬でたまたま大穴を当てたとしましょう。
Let’s suppose you happen to strike it rich at the races.
「１」 ものか
as if (something untrue were actually true); like hell (e.g. “like hell I will”)
Example:
北極熊の環境がどのようなものか、ちょっと想像してほしい。
Take a moment to imagine what the polar bear’s environment is like.
強ち／あながち
not necessarily; not entirely; not altogether
Example:
彼の言ったことがあながち間違えていない。
What he said was not necessarily wrong.
にせよ／にしろ
granted that; even if; even though
Example：
理由はなんにせよ彼らは結婚しなかった。
Whatever the reason, they did not marry.
為す／なす
to build up; to establish/ to form; to become (a state) / to accomplish; to achieve; to succeed in / to change into / to do; to perform / to intend to; to attempt; to try
Example:
仮にも為す価値があるものならば何でもよくなす価値がある。
Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well.
いらい／以来
since; henceforth
Example:
3年間前に東京へ来て以来ここに住んでいる。
I came to Tokyo three years ago and have been living here ever since.
一旦／いったん
once, for a short time; briefly; temporarily
Example:
彼女はいったん話始めると止めどがない。
Once she starts talking, she is hard to stop.
にしても
even if; even though
Example:
それにしても、幼稚園というところは、季節の行事にとても敏感です。
Even so, kindergartens are sensitive to seasonal events.
および／及び
and (also); both … and; as well as
Example:
軟木の絶縁された部屋及びよいヒーターはサウナ」のための絶対必要である。
An insulated soft-wood room and a good heater are the absolute necessities for a sauna.
もしくは／若しくは
or; otherwise
Example:
雷が光ったそのあと「くわばらくわばら]と唱えたもしくは,唱える人を見たことがあるだろう。
I expect you’ve chanted “kuwabara kuwabara” after a lightning flash, or have seen somebody do so.
この度/このたび
Meaning
this occasion; at this time; now
Examples:
いえ、これは秘宝ですから。わたくしたちもこの度、初めて見たものです。
No, it’s a national treasure, you see. This is the first time we’ve seen it as well.
によらず／に依らず
Meaning
in contrast to; despite
Examples:
彼女は見かけによらず頑張りやだ。
She is persistent though she doesn’t look so.
に渡って／にわたって
Meaning
throughout; over a period of …; over a span of
Example:
彼が英語を学ぶためにアメリカにわたってから2年になる。
Two years have passed since he went over to American in order to study English.
いかに／如何に
Meaning
how; in what way
however much; however (e.g. easy, rich, sad); whatever; how much
Example:
問題はいかにして我々が現在の困難を切り抜けるかである
The problem is how we cope with the present difficulties.
且つ／かつ
Meaning
yet; moreover; and
Examples:
することを考え、経済的かつ効率的に研究を遂行する必要があります。
It is important to think over what you will do, to pursue your studies economically, and effectively.
とは言え／とはいえ
Meaning
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
Examples:
とても現実味のあるブランとは言えなかったな。
You couldn’t say that was a plan with any sense of reality to it.
況して/まして
Meaning
still more; to say nothing of; not to mention (but less)
Examples:
彼女はフランス語を話せる。まして英語はなおさらだ。
She can speak French, and is even better at English.
然も／さも
Meaning
Adverb
1. really; extremely “as if”（Usually written using kana alone）
Examples:
黙ってろ。さもないと命はないぞ
Hold your tongue, or you’ll be killed.
どちらかというと／どちらかと言うと
Meaning：
rather; more like; more of rather on the - side; rather than otherwise; more - than
Examples:
彼はどちらかと言うと教育というよりは研究者だ。
He is more like a researcher than an educator.
ないまでも
Meaning:
May not; but; even though; not; although
Examples:
この公演は大成功とはいえないまでも、それなりの成果をもたらした。
Although you may not be able to call this public performance a great success, it produced some sort of results.
であれ
Meaning
even; even if; even though;no matter what/who/how/etc. may be; whatever/whoever/etc.
Examples:
たとえ社長であれ、そのような行為は許さない。
Even the (company) president shouldn’t be allowed to do things like that. (even if it is the president, such conduct should not be allowed.)
済む／すむ
Meaning:
Take/cost/need/etc.only;do/manage (without/only with); get by/ get away be enough (if) be all right (if); not to have to; there is no need for
Examples:
面接は20分で済んだ。
The interview took only 20 minutes.
どうにも～ない
Meaning
not ~ by any means; no matter how hard/try/cannot/there is no way to;cannot/do/ at all
Examples:
私には小説などはどうにも書けない。
I’d never be able to write something like a novel, no matter how hard I try.
に向けて／向けた
Meaning：
toward; to; at; aiming at; targeting; for; the purpose of; in order to
Examples:
報道班は次の目的地に向けて出発した。
The team of reporters left for the next destination.
にひきかえ
Meaning：
in contrast to; while; whereas
Examples:
几帳面父にひきかえ、息子はだらしなかった。
The son, in contrast to his meticulous father, was slovenly.
にとどまらず
Meaning：
Doesn’t stop with; doesn’t end with; not limited to; going beyond; not only; (but also)
Examples:
彼の研究範囲は哲学だけにとどまらず、認知心理学の領域にまで広がっている。
His area of research is not limited merely to philosophy, but extends to cognitive psychology as well.
ことから
Meaning：
because; due to; from the fact that; cause; trigger
Examples:
彼はアリバイが成立しなかったことから犯行の嫌疑がかけた。
Because ( from the fact that) he couldn’t establish an alibi, he was suspected of a criminal act.
とあって
Meaning：
because;as expected; naturally
Examples:
ボーナス後の連休とあって、観光地どこも人でいっぱいだ。
Because this is the series of holidays after the bonus season, (not surprisingly) all the tourist spots are crowded.
一切ない／いっさいない
Meaning：
Not; at all; absolutely not; whatsoever
Examples:
この製品には遺伝子組み換え大豆は一切使用していません。
For this product we haven’t used any genetically modified soybeans at all.
かな
Meaning：
How; what an; to my/our; it is; that
Examples:
悲しいかな、年を取って往年の記憶力がなくなってしまった。
How sad (it is) that I no longer have as strong a memory as I had in my younger days.
を介して／介した
Meaning：
Through; via; by means of; by~ing
Examples:
今現地の代理人を介して製造元と価格の交渉をしている。
We are negotiating the price with the manufacturer though a local agent now.
までのことだ
Meaning:
Just;merely;only
Examples:
もしTOEFLの点が悪かったらもう一度受けるまでのことだ。
If my TOEFL score isn’t good, then I’ll just take the test again.
なり
Meaning：
The moment;when;as soon as; soon after; no sooner - than
Examples:
妻は私の顔を見るなり泣き出した。
My wife began to cry the moment she saw me. (my face)
かのように
Meaning:
as if
Examples:
彼女はまるで整形手術をかのように綺麗になった。
Her looks improved (she has become beautiful), as though she had undergone cosmetic surgery.
序でに／ついでに
Meaning:
Adverb
1. incidentally; taking the opportunity; while (you) are at it; on the occasionUsually written using kana alone
Examples:
彼を迎えに行って、ついでにこの手紙をポストに入れておいて。
Go and meet him, and while you’re at it mail this letter.
に／ともなると
Meaning：
When; if; as
Examples:
桜の季節「に／と」もなるとこの公演は花見客で賑わう。
In the cherry blossom season (when it becomes the cherry blossom season), this park is packed with cherry blossom viewers.
の無さ／のなさ
Meaning:
Lack of; absence of
Examples:
私は彼の常識のなさにあきれている。
I am appalled by his lack of common sense.
なまじっか
Meaning：
Halfheartedly; slightly; thoughtlessly; unwisely ; inadequately; imperfectly; sort of; a little; somewhat; a bit of
Examples:
僕はなまじっか英語ができるばかりに、会社で重宝がられて困っています。
Because I know a little English, the office treasures me, which is causing me problems.
ところから
Meaning：
Because; be caused by the fact that; from the fact that
Examples:
この宝石は猫の目に似ているところから「猫目石」と名付けられている。
This gem is called “cat’s-eye” because it resembles a cat’s eye.
一方で／いっぽうで
Meaning：
While; when; (but) at the same time; on the other hand; even though; although
Examples:
我々は化石燃料による環境汚染の問題に対応する一方で、新しいエネルギーの開発に力を入れなければならない。
We have to make more effort in developing new energy (sources) while countering the problem of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels.
に越したことはない／にこしたことはない
Meaning：
Nothing is better than; if possible; be the best; be ideal; the
Examples:
仲間は多いに越したことはない。
The more buddies you have the better.
滅多にない／めったにない
Meaning：
rarely; seldom; hardly; almost; never
Examples:
この辺りでは地震は滅多に起きない。
Earthquakes seldom occur in this area.
ようと／が
Meaning：
Even if; whatever/whoever/etc.;no matter what/who/how/etc.; whether ( X or Y)
Examples:
人が何んと言おう（と／が）私は自分の子供を信じている。
Whatever (other) people say, I believe my child.
ども
Meaning：
Even though; although; though; no matter how much/often/hard/etc.
Examples:
この二つの文章は言い方は違えども、言おうとしていることは同じだ。
Although the way in which these two compositions written is different, their claims are the same.
そのもの
Meaning：
itself; themselves; very; perfect; the definition of; absolutely; totally; utterly; perfectly
Examples:
企画そのものは悪くない。
The plan itself is not bad.
中を／なかを
Meaning：
In the midst of ; when ; while; through; among
Examples:
冷たい風が「吹く／吹いている」中を10キロも歩いた。
When a cold wind was blowing I walked as much as 10 kilometers.
末に／すえに
Meaning：
After; at the end of
Examples:
試行錯誤の末に、やっと車に使える燃料電池ができた。
After much trial and error, we finally made a fuel cell battery that can be used in cars.
べく
Meaning：
in order to; to; for the purpose of; so that (can)
Examples:
この大学では２学期制に変えるべく今準備が進められている。
At this university, preparation is under way for changing (the current system) to a semester system.
なぜか
Meaning：
I don’t know why; without knowing why; for an unknown reason
Examples:
このところなぜか体の調子が悪い。
I don’t know why, but I haven’t felt well lately.
に～ない
Meaning：
cannot manage to; just cannot; cannot ~ despite the fact that ~ want to
Examples:
大事なお客さんからの電話がいつまでまってもかかってこないので、帰るに帰れない。
I’ve been waiting a long time for a call from an important customer, but it hasn’t come, so I cannot leave the office.
折に／おりに
Meaning：
on the occasion; at the time; when; if; opportunity; chance
Examples:
上京の折（に）はぜひお立ち寄りください。
When you come to Tokyo, be sure to stop by.
のみならず
Meaning：
Not only ~ ( but also ~); not only that
Examples:
我が社は日本国内のみならず、アメリカヨーロッパなどでもビジネス活動を行っております。
Our company does business not only in Japan but also in america Europe, and elsewhere.
もさることながら
Meaning：
is one thing, but; it is true that~, but; it is the case that~,but; but more importantly
Examples:
この図書館は蔵書の多さもさることながらサービスが実に素晴らしい。
This library’s large collection of books is one thing (is so, too), but the services they provide are really something else (really wonderful.)
およそ
Meaning：
generally; commonly; all; quite entirely; totally; utterly; (not) at all; for the most part; mostly; almost; approximately; roughly; about; rough; general
Examples:
私およそ名作と言われている映画はすべて見ているつもりだ。
I’m convinced that I’ve watched all the movies that are commonly considered masterpieces.
言わば／いわば
Meaning：
so to speak; as it were; like sort of
Examples:
この本は言わば私のバイブルだ。
This is, as it were, my bible.
を問わず／をとわず
Meaning：
regardless of; irrespective of; without reference to; whether X or Y; whether X or not; whatever/whoever/etc.; no matter what/who/how/etc.
Examples:
この会社は、経験があれば学歴を問わず採用してくれる。
This company will employ you regardless of your educational background if you have (relevant work) experience.
思うに／おもうに
Meaning：
in my view; it seems to me that ~; when I think (about ~); considering
Examples:
私が思うに、文化は宗教の一種だ。
In my view, culture is a kind of religion.
なるほど
Meaning：
Indeed; it is true (but); really; I see
Examples:
パリはきれいだと聞いていたが、なるほどその芸術性には舌を巻いた。
I had heard that Paris was a beautiful city, and (but) indeed I was astounded by its artistry.
いくら
Meaning：
How much; how
Examples:
東京の３DKのマンションはいくらぐらいですか
Approximately how much is a 3DK (3 rooms with a dinning room/kitchen)apartment in Tokyo?)
に決まってる／にきまってる
Meaning：
Surely; be bound to; be a given; of course; must be; we all know that
Examples:
性格はいい方が良いに決まっている。
It is a given that a good personality is preferable.
何～ない／なに～ない
Meaning：
doesn’t exist at all; without
Examples:
彼女は何不自由ない裕福な家庭で育った。
She grew up in a comfortable and rich family without inconveniences.
んとする
Meaning：
try to do; be about to
Examples:
教授のいわんとすることが学生に伝わらないのは、たいてい教授の方が悪いのだ。
It is usually a professor who is to blame when his students don’t comprehend what he tries to convey.
のなんのって
Meaning：
so (that); so much/well (that) so ~ and
Examples:
甘いのなんのって私は一口食べて全部残してしまいました。
It was so sweet that I ate one bite and left the rest.
んばかり（に）
Meaning：
as if ~ were about to ~; almost
Examples:
犬は嚙みつかんばかりに僕に向かってほえた。
The dog barked at me as if it were about to bite.
にしてからが
Meaning：
even
Examples:
ワールドカップの時はサッカーフアンでもない私にしてからが興奮状態でした。
I am not a soccer fan, but during the world cup, even I got excited.
思えば／おもえば
Meaning：
come to think of it; when I think back; on reflection
Examples:
思えば、大学時代はとても楽しかった。
When I come to think of it, I had a great time when I was in college.
見るからに／みるからに
Meaning：
visibly;obviously;really look;can be easily recognized as; can tell just by looking at.
Examples：
太陽の光をたっぷり浴びたみかんは、みるからに美味しそうだ。
The sun-bathed mandarin oranges look really delicious.
単位で／たんいで
Meaning：
by the; in sets/groups/lots/etc.of; in multiplies of; each; every
Examples:
このATMは千円単位でお金を引き出すことができる。
You can withdraw money from this ATM in multiples of 1,000 yen.
この上ない／このうえない
Meaning：
extremely; utterly; very; so; cannot be more; extreme; utmost
Examples:
生まれたばかりの赤ん坊を車に残して買い物に行くとは非常識この上ない。
It is utterly senseless to leave a newborn baby in the car and go shopping.
ことに
Meaning：
it is ~ that; I am ~ that ; we are ~ that; to my/our ~ ; ~ ly
Examples：
嬉しいことに、今学期は祭日が3日もある。
I’m glad that there are (as many as) three holidays this term.
を中心に／をちゅうしんに
Meaning：
centering around; around; focusing in; mainly; primarily; with ~ as the leader; as the primary ~ ; take the lead
Examples：
東京を中心に大雨が降った。
There was heavy rain, mostly in and around Tokyo.
なしに
Meaning：
without
Examples：
料金は予告（すること）なしに変更する場合がございます。
The free may (lit., will sometimes) change without prior notice.
をものともせず
Meaning：
in spite of ~; undaunted by ~; in defiance of ~; in face of ~
Examples：
彼女は重度の身体障害をものともせず、自分の人生をつかみとった。
Despite severe physical handicaps, she took charge of her own life.
たなり（で）
Meaning：
Without; while ~ staying; while ~ keep ~ ing
Examples：
彼は椅子に腰かけたなり（で）、ずっと黙っていた。
He sat in the chair and stayed there, silent the whole time.
並びに／ならびに
Meaning：
and; both ~ and ~ ; as well as
Examples：
国連総会には首相並びに外務大臣が出席した。
The prime minister and the foreign minister attended the U.N. General Assembly.
ともなく
Meaning：
without intending to; without paying much attention; unconsciously; mindlessly; don’t know (exactly) who/where/etc. (but); cannot tell (exactly) who/where/etc. (but); (to/from) no particular (person,etc)
Examples：
散歩をしている うちに、来るともなく駅まで来てしまった。
While I was taking a walk, I came as far as the station without intending to.
反面／はんめん
Meaning：
While; on the other hand
Examples：
携帯電話は便利な反面,わずらわしいこともある。
While cell phones are convenient, they are also sometimes annoying.
いわゆる
Meaning：
So-called; what we call; known as
Examples：
伊藤さんはいわゆる「エリート」の大学を卒業した。
Ms. Ito graduated from one of the so-called “elite” universities.
「２」 ものか
Meaning：
wish; wonder if; should;
Examples：
もう少し広い家に住めないもの（だろう）か。
I wish to live in a house that is a bit more spacious.
からには
Meaning：
once; now that ~; as long as ~; so long as ~; if
Examples：
いったん引き受けたからには最後まで責任をもってやります。
Once I take on ( the job), I will fulfill my responsibility and complete it
といった
Meaning：
like; such as; among others
Examples：
ドイツ、フランス、ロシアといった国々が戦争に反対した。
Countries such as Germany, France and Russia opposed the war.
ちなみに
Meaning：
Incidentally; in this connection
Examples：
彼の小説はポストモダン的で大変気に入ってる。解釈が読み手にゆだねられているところがよい。
ちなみに、去年の作品はベストセラー第1位だった。
I love his post modern novels. I like the way he leaves the interpretation to the reader. Incidentally, his work published last year topped the best-seller list.
だの
Meaning：
and (~and); or (~or); and things like that
Examples：
庭にはすみれだのチューリップだのつつじだの、花がたくさん咲いていた。
In the garden, many flowers such as pansies, tulips, azaleas and others, were in bloom.
なんて 「２」
Meaning：
That; things like
Examples：
小学校からのいじめが中学まで続くなんてひどい。
It’s terrible that bullying continues after grade school into junior high.
ひとつ
Meaning：
give s.t a try
Examples：
一つ日本の小説の英訳をやってみよう。
I will try to translate a Japanese novel into English.
ひいては
Meaning：
Eventually (lead to) ~; even
Examples：
イラクへの攻撃はアメリカの孤立を招き、ひいてはイスラム社会全体との戦争に発展していく恐れがある。
There is fear that an attack against Iraq will bring about American isolation, and eventually will lead to a war with Muslim society as a whole.
に応じて／におうじて
Meaning：
In response to; according to; depending on; appropriate for; suitable for; suited to; meet
Examples：
組合の要求に応じて標準就業時間が短縮されることになった。
In response to union demands, the standard work day (lit., standard work hours) will be shortened.
ことか
Meaning：
How ~ !; what a(n) ~!
Examples：
カルフォルニア何と太陽が明るいことか。
How bright the sun is in California!
にかけては
Meaning：
When it comes to~; as for; in point of ; in terms of; about; regarding
Examples：
ジャッキーチェンは、アクションにかけては右に出る者がいない俳優である。
Jackie Chan is an actor with whom none can compete when it comes to action films.
加えて／くわえて
Meaning：
In addition; and additionally; what’s more
Examples：
この冬アメリカ東部は雪,雨,加えて強風の被害が大きかった。
This winter the East Coast of the U.S. suffered terribly from snow, rain and in addition, strong winds.
同士／どうし
Meaning：
Each other; between/among (things/people of the same kind, group, etc.); together; with
Examples：
磁石のN極（またはS極）同士は反発する。
North poles (or south poles) of magnets repel each other.
なんとか
Meaning：
Somehow; in some way; in one way or another; manage to
我々は今の日本の政府状況を何とか変えようと努力しています。
We are making an effort to change the current Japanese political situation somehow.
恐れがある／おそれがある
Meaning：
It is feared (that); we are worried/concerned (that); there is a fear/risk/chance/concern/etc.; can; could; may; it is possible (that); be in danger of
Examples：
台風の影響で西日本は大雨の恐れがある。
Due to the typhoon (lit., the typhoon’s influence), there is a chance of heavy rain across Western Japan.
何らかの／なんらかの
Meaning：
Some; some kind of
Examples：
何らかの原因で走行中の電車が急停車した。
Due to some (unknown) cause the train stopped suddenly.
ないし（は）
Meaning：
From ~ to ~; between ~ and ~; or
Examples：
このクラスの学生ほとんどは2年ないし（は）4年の日本語学習歴を持っている。
Most students in this class have three to four years of experience studying Japanese.
て仕方がない／てしかたがない
Meaning：
Cannot help ~ing; cannot stop feeling; (so ~ and) cannot control ~; so ~ and ~ cannot bare it; so; unbearably
Examples：
会社の理不尽なリストラに腹が立って仕方がない。
I’m so mad at the company’s unreasonable restructuring (i.e.,laying off workers) (and cannot control my anger).
ごとし
Meaning：
Like; look like
Examples：
人生は旅のごとし。
Life is like a journey.
につけ
Meaning：
As; every time; whenever
Examples：
ナポリで撮った両親の写真を見るにつけ、あの時の楽しかった旅行を思い出す。
When I see the photo of my parents I took in Naples, I remember what a great time we had on that trip.
によると
Meaning：
according to; based on
Examples：
その温泉は旅行雑誌によると神経痛にいいそうだ。
One of the travel magazines said that hot springs are good for arthritis.
とでも言うべき／とでもいうべき
Meaning：
Which could/may be called; which can/could be described as
Examples：
あれは運命とでも言うべき出来事だった。
That was an incident that could be called fate.
かと思うと／かとおもうと
Meaning：
As soon as (one notices that) ~; soon after; when one thinks/feels that~
Examples：
最近は肌寒くなったかと思うと、翌日には暖かくなったりする。
These days, just when you think it’s gotten chilly, the next day it turns warm again.
なお
Meaning：
Still; even more; all the more for ~; additional; and; additionally; furthermore
Examples：
宮崎駿のアニメは、20年,30年たっても、なお古典アニメとして残っているだろう。
Anime by Hayao Miyazaki will still remain even in 20 or 30 years as anime classics.
だけ
Meaning：
As much as; as ~ as possible; as much as one wants
Examples：
若いうちに本を読めるだけ読んでおいた方がいい。
You’d better read as many books as you can while you are young.
からして
Meaning：
Even; judging from
Examples：
社長からして会社再建の意欲がないんだから、社員の志気が上がらないのは当たり前だ。
Even the president has no desire to reconstruct the company; so, of course, his employee’s morale is low.
むしろ
Meaning：
Rather; instead
Examples：
夏休みはアルバイトをするよりもむしろ海外旅行がしたい。
During summer vacation I would rather travel abroad than work part-time.
に（も）なく
Meaning：
Unusually; more ~ than usual
Examples：
彼女は今日はいつに（も）なく陽気だった。
She was unusually cheerful today.
にいたっては
Meaning：
When it comes to ~; as for; for example
Examples：
人間の体は６０％が水,くらげにいたっては９６％が水だ。
Human bodies are 60 percent water, while fish are 75 percent water. As for Jelly fish, the figure is 96 percent.
きらいがある
Meaning：
Have a tendency to; tend to; have a dash of ~; smack of ~; be slightly ~
Examples：
彼は物事を簡単に考えるきらいがある。
He has a tendency to think (about things) in simplistic terms.
並み/なみ
Meaning：
about the same level as; like; as (much ~) as; to match; to rival; on a par with; equivalent to
Examples：
マイクさんのゴルフはプロ並みだ。
Mike’s golf skills are about the same level as a pro’s.
いかん（だ）如何／いかが（だ）
Meaning：
How; what; (depending on) how/what; (according to) how/what; depend on
Examples：
私がこの会社に採用されるかどうかは、面接の結果いかんだ。
Whether or not I’ll be hired by this company depends on the results of my interview.
それなりに／の
Meaning：
in one’s own way; accompanying; proportionate; suitable; expected; agreeable; reasonable; one’s own; proper to
Examples：
クラシックもジャズも、聞いてみればみなそれなりに面白い。
If you (really) listen to classical music, jazz and rock, each of them is interesting in its own way.
更に／さらに
Meaning：
even ~er; even more; additional; more; further; furthermore; in addition
Examples：
前の翻訳も難しかったが今度はさらに難しい。
The last translation (job) was difficult, but this one is even harder.
にして「２」
Meaning：
and; both ~ and ~
Examples：
彼女は頭脳明晰にして端麗な秘書である。
She is a bright and also beautiful secretary.
また
Meaning：
again; also; too; (not) ~ either; and; additionally; or
Examples：
来年の春,またお会いします。
I will see you again next spring.
なに／何も～ない
Meaning：
why ~ have to ~?; it is unnecessary to ~; have no good reason to ~; not need to ~
Examples：
何もそんなに怒ることはないよ。
You have no good reason to get so angry.
っけ
Meaning：
A colloquial sentence-final particle marking a question
Examples：
鈴木さんは英語が話せるんだっけ。
Can you speak English, Mr. Suzuki / Can Mr. Suzuki speak English?
をよそに
Meaning：
Indifferent to ~; contrary to ~ ; ignoring ~; despite
Examples；
首相は国民の批判をよそにイラク戦争支持を表明した。
Setting aside people’s criticism, the prime minister declared his support for the Iraq War.
にしたところで
Meaning：
also; (even) for ~
Examples；
彼は日本語を20年も勉強しているが、その彼にしたところで、まだ分からない文法に時々出くわすそうだ。
He has studied Japanese for 20 years, but he told me that even he still encounters grammar he doesn’t understand.
ならでは（の）
Meaning：
impossible if it’s not ~; only possible with/by/at/etc.; not possible with/by/at/etc. other ~; very difficult with/by/at/etc. any other ~ but; you can expect only at/from/etc.; unless
Examples；
丸山博士の講演は、一流の科学者ならではの示唆に富む内容だった。
Dr Maruyama’s lecture was rich with suggestion, the likes of which could only be heard from a first class scientist (like himself).
をめぐって／めぐる
Meaning：
centering around; in connection with; over; concerning; regarding; with regard to
Examples；
モノレール建設をめぐって市民の意見が対立している。
Citizens’ opinions are divided over the monorail construction.
ばこそ
Meaning：
it is precisely because ~ that ~; only because ~; to the extent that ~
Examples；
環境保護を支持していればこそ植林に力を入れているのだ。
It is only because I support environmental protection so much that I put my efforts into planting trees.
は別として／はべつとして
Meaning：
Except for; putting/setting aside; whether X or Y
Examples；
特殊な場合は別として、手書きのレポートを書くことは少なくなった。
Except for special cases, there are only a few occasions now in which we write hand-written reports.
但し／ただし
Meaning：
however; but; only; here; provided that
Examples；
子の部屋にある雑誌や本はどれを見てもいいです。ただし、部屋からは持ち出さないでください。
You may look at any of the magazines or books in this room. However, please do not take them out of the room.
さて
Meaning：
Well; now; well now; so
Examples；
さて、話は変わりますが、日本ではちょっとした韓国ブームです。
Now, on another matter, Japan is undergoing quite a Korea boom at this time.
といえども
Meaning：
even; any; although; though; even though;
Examples；
医者といえども時に病気になることもある。
Even doctors sometimes become ill. (lit., Even though we call them doctors, there are times when they become ill.)
ともすると
Meaning：
tend to; apt to; be likely to; easily; be bound to
Examples；
切れ味の良い議論はともすると言葉の暴力となる。
A sharp debate is apt to lead to a violent argument.
やら
Meaning：
I wonder (if)
Examples：
このビルが完成するのはいつになるのやら。
I wonder when this building will be finished.
か否か／かいなか
Meaning：
whether X or not
Examples；
このソフトが役に立つか否かは保証の限りではありません。
I cannot say (lit., guarantee) whether this software is useful or not.
さぞ（かし）
Meaning：
I believe/I’m sure/I’m certain ~ very/really/truly ~; must be very/really/truly ~
Examples；
青森へ単身赴任さぞ（かし）大変でしょう。
Moving to Aomori ( for a new assignment) without your family must be very tough.
とは
Meaning：
(not think/expect/etc.) that; (be surprised/be glad/ regret/ etc.) that
Examples；
彼が自分のベンチャー会社を立ち上げるとは思いもしなかった。
I never thought that he would launch his own venture business.
にして
Meaning：
in; at; over; while
Examples；
過度の恐怖や心労は一夜にして白髪を作
Excessive fear and worry will make your hair turn gray overnight.
それだけ
Meaning：
that much; to the same extent; to the same degree; equally
Examples；
この仕事は苦労も多いが、それだけやりがいもある。
This job is hard work, but to the same extent I also find it rewarding.
たるや
Meaning：
when it comes to ~; speaking of
Examples；
この湖にはここにしかいないという生物がおり、その数たるや50種類を超える。
There are creatures in this lake that exist only here; in fact, there are more than 50 species.
ずとも
Meaning：
without ~ing; even if ~ not; if ~ not
Examples；
今年の夏は涼しいので、エアコンを使わずとも過ごせそうだ。
It is cool this summer, so it looks like we can get by without using the air-conditioner.
たかが
Meaning：
Only; just; mere
Examples；
たかが子供の言ったことだ。そんなに深刻に考えることはない。
It’s just something a child told you. You don’t have to take it so seriously.
とあっては
Meaning：
If it is true that; if it is the case that; if; because; since
Examples；
社長の頼みとあっては断るわけにはいかない。
If (it’s true that) it’s a favor for the president, I can’t say no.
とても～ない
Meaning：
cannot possibly; totally impossible; there is no possibility; there is no way; not ~ at all; not ~ by any means; by no means
Examples；
この仕事はとても私にはできない。
I cannot possibly do this job.
ずにはおかない
Meaning：
be bound to; definitely; unmistakably; unquestionably; undoubtedly; without fail; without doubt
Examples；
技術の発達は社会環境の変化をもたらさずにはおかない。
Technological advancements are bound to bring about changes to social environments.
はおろか
Meaning：
Let alone; not only ~ ( but also~); not to mention; to say nothing of; never mind; much less
Examples；
インターネットはおらか、パソコンも触ったことがないのだが、講習会についていけるだろうか。
Never having touched a computer, let alone used the Internet, I wonder if I will be able to keep up in the workshop.
とばかりに
Meaning：
as if ; as if to say that; as if ~ were convinced that; as if ~ believed that; as if ~ decided that
Examples；
悟は「黙ってついてこい」とばかりに先に立って歩き出した。
Satoru started off (lit., began to walk ahead) as if to say: “don’t anything and follow me.”
（つ）たって「２」
Meaning：
even if (s.o. says that); even if s.o. tries to; although
Examples；
一人ででしょう（つ）たって、それは無理だ。
You’ll never be able to do it alone! (lit., Even if you try to do it alone that’s impossible.
ようにも（～ない）
Meaning：
Even though ~ try/want to ~; even though ~ be thinking of doing ~; although ~ try/want to ~; although ~ be thinking pf doing ~
Examples；
徹に連絡しようにも電話番号もメールアドレスもしらない。
Even though I want to contact Toru, I don’t know either her phone number or her e-mail address.
てはいられない
Meaning：
cannot/shouldn’t be ~ing; cannot/shouldn’t (stay/remain/etc); cannot/shouldn’t waste time~ ing; cannot afford to; cannot help ~ing
Examples；
将来のことを考えると、いつまでもこんな仕事をしてはいられない。
When I think about the future, (I realize) I can’t keep doing this kind of work forever.
とわいわず～／とわ言わず～
Meaning：
A, B and many other ~; A, B and every~ else; including; whether X or Y
Examples；
友達の引っ越しを手伝ったら、翌日肩と言わず腰と言わず体のあちこちが傷んだ。
I helped my friend move. Then, the next day my shoulders, my back and every other part of my body ached.
あくまでも
Meaning：
to the end; persistently; insist; strictly; just; under any circumstances; absolutely; never; completely; ultimately
江本氏はあくまでも自説を変えなかった。
Mr. Emoto persistently maintained (lit., didn’t change) his opinion.
つい
Meaning：
unintentionally; without being able to control oneself; without meaning to; carelessly; involuntarily; in spite of oneself; just; only
Examples；
楽しかったのでつい飲みすぎてしまった。
Because I had such a good time, I ended up drinking too much ( without meaning to)
はあれ
Meaning：
even though there is; although there is; there is ~ but
Examples；
インターフェースに若干の違いはあれ、この二つのプログラムは機能的に全く変わらない。
Although their interfaces are slightly different, these two programs are just the same in terms of their functions.
割に（は）
Meaning：
for; despite; although; (not) as much as; (not) ~ because of that; considering
Example；
この店のサービスランチは値段の割に（は）美味しくてボリュームがある。
The bargain lunch at this restaurant is tasty and the portions are generous for the price.
やいなや「や否や」
Meaning：
As soon as; no sooner ~ than; the moment; soon after; immediately after
Examples：
その小説は発売されるやいなやミリオンセラーになった。
The novel sold one million copies as soon as it went on sale.
ずして
Meaning：
without ~ing; before (~ing); with no ~; if ~do not; when ~ do not
Examples:
インカ帝国を知らずして南米大陸を語ることはできない。
You cannot talk about the South America continent without some knowledge of the Inca Empire.
ようでは
Meaning：
if; if it is true that; if it is the case that
Examples:
知らない単語が出てくるたびに辞書を引いているようではいつまでたっても早く読めない。
If (it is true that) you look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary every time you encounter a new one, you will never learn to read fast.
よし「由」
Meaning：
(I heard / It is said / etc.) that
Examples:
この度は本社営業部長にご栄転の由,誠におめでとう存じます。
I heard of your promotion this time to manager of the headquarters’ sales department. Please accept my sincere congratulations.
ようものなら
Meaning：
If ~ happen to; if ~ at all; if ~ choose to
Examples:
山野氏は非常に時間厳しい人で、面会時間に5分も遅れようものなら以後二度とあってはもらえない。
Mr. Yamano is very strict about time; if you happen to be even five minutes late for an appointment with him. he won’t meet with you again.
