JLPT Taisaku Japanese Grammar Flashcards
Learn Japanese grammar for the JLPT
に関わらず／にかかわらず／に拘わらず
Meaning
In regardless of.
Example:
私はなぜか、ルックスに関わらず三枚目の人を好きになることが多いです。
I often find myself falling for jokers, regardless of their looks.
あるいは
Meaning
Or , either , perhaps
Examples:
あなたかあるいは私が間違えてる。
Either you or me is wrong.
によって
Meaning
according to; by (means of); due to; because of
Examples:
ワインにはいろいろなタイプがあり、それによって 育成の 仕方もさまざまです。
There are various types of wines and the way they are matured varies accordingly.
しかも/然も
Meaning:
moreover; furthermore, nevertheless; and yet
Example:
山越えの道は狭く、しかも急勾配だった。
The road across the mountain was narrow, and what’s more, it was a steep slope.
尚更／なおさら
Meaning:
still more; even more; all the more
Example:
彼女は欠点があるので、なおさら好きです。
I like her all the better for her faults.
ものの
Meaning
but; although
Example:
高校時代から付き合っている彼氏はいるものの、付き合が惰性になっていると感じ、不満を募らせている。
She has a boyfriend she’s been going out with since high school but feels their relationship has become a matter of habit and is increasingly dissatisfied.
物なら／ものなら
if I (we, etc.) could
Example:
万一彼が君の結婚のことを聞こうものなら、彼はものすごく怒るだろう。
If by chance should he hear about your marriage, he will be furious.
なんら／何ら
whatever; what; what sort of; any kind of ／ nothing whatever (with neg. verb)
Example:
貧しいことは、何ら不名誉ではない。
There is no disgrace in being poor.
仮に／かりに
supposing; even if; granting that; for argument’s sake / temporarily; provisionally; for the time being
Example:
仮に競馬でたまたま大穴を当てたとしましょう。
Let’s suppose you happen to strike it rich at the races.
「１」 ものか
as if (something untrue were actually true); like hell (e.g. “like hell I will”)
Example:
北極熊の環境がどのようなものか、ちょっと想像してほしい。
Take a moment to imagine what the polar bear’s environment is like.
強ち／あながち
not necessarily; not entirely; not altogether
Example:
彼の言ったことがあながち間違えていない。
What he said was not necessarily wrong.
にせよ／にしろ
granted that; even if; even though
Example：
理由はなんにせよ彼らは結婚しなかった。
Whatever the reason, they did not marry.
為す／なす
to build up; to establish/ to form; to become (a state) / to accomplish; to achieve; to succeed in / to change into / to do; to perform / to intend to; to attempt; to try
Example:
仮にも為す価値があるものならば何でもよくなす価値がある。
Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well.
いらい／以来
since; henceforth
Example:
3年間前に東京へ来て以来ここに住んでいる。
I came to Tokyo three years ago and have been living here ever since.
一旦／いったん
once, for a short time; briefly; temporarily
Example:
彼女はいったん話始めると止めどがない。
Once she starts talking, she is hard to stop.
にしても
even if; even though
Example:
それにしても、幼稚園というところは、季節の行事にとても敏感です。
Even so, kindergartens are sensitive to seasonal events.
および／及び
and (also); both … and; as well as
Example:
軟木の絶縁された部屋及びよいヒーターはサウナ」のための絶対必要である。
An insulated soft-wood room and a good heater are the absolute necessities for a sauna.
もしくは／若しくは
or; otherwise
Example:
雷が光ったそのあと「くわばらくわばら]と唱えたもしくは,唱える人を見たことがあるだろう。
I expect you’ve chanted “kuwabara kuwabara” after a lightning flash, or have seen somebody do so.
この度/このたび
Meaning
this occasion; at this time; now
Examples:
いえ、これは秘宝ですから。わたくしたちもこの度、初めて見たものです。
No, it’s a national treasure, you see. This is the first time we’ve seen it as well.
によらず／に依らず
Meaning
in contrast to; despite
Examples:
彼女は見かけによらず頑張りやだ。
She is persistent though she doesn’t look so.
に渡って／にわたって
Meaning
throughout; over a period of …; over a span of
Example:
彼が英語を学ぶためにアメリカにわたってから2年になる。
Two years have passed since he went over to American in order to study English.
いかに／如何に
Meaning
how; in what way
however much; however (e.g. easy, rich, sad); whatever; how much
Example:
問題はいかにして我々が現在の困難を切り抜けるかである
The problem is how we cope with the present difficulties.
且つ／かつ
Meaning
yet; moreover; and
Examples:
することを考え、経済的かつ効率的に研究を遂行する必要があります。
It is important to think over what you will do, to pursue your studies economically, and effectively.
とは言え／とはいえ
Meaning
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
Examples:
とても現実味のあるブランとは言えなかったな。
You couldn’t say that was a plan with any sense of reality to it.
況して/まして
Meaning
still more; to say nothing of; not to mention (but less)
Examples:
彼女はフランス語を話せる。まして英語はなおさらだ。
She can speak French, and is even better at English.
然も／さも
Meaning
Adverb
1. really; extremely “as if”（Usually written using kana alone）
Examples:
黙ってろ。さもないと命はないぞ
Hold your tongue, or you’ll be killed.
どちらかというと／どちらかと言うと
Meaning：
rather; more like; more of rather on the - side; rather than otherwise; more - than
Examples:
彼はどちらかと言うと教育というよりは研究者だ。
He is more like a researcher than an educator.
ないまでも
Meaning:
May not; but; even though; not; although
Examples:
この公演は大成功とはいえないまでも、それなりの成果をもたらした。
Although you may not be able to call this public performance a great success, it produced some sort of results.
であれ
Meaning
even; even if; even though;no matter what/who/how/etc. may be; whatever/whoever/etc.
Examples:
たとえ社長であれ、そのような行為は許さない。
Even the (company) president shouldn’t be allowed to do things like that. (even if it is the president, such conduct should not be allowed.)
済む／すむ
Meaning:
Take/cost/need/etc.only;do/manage (without/only with); get by/ get away be enough (if) be all right (if); not to have to; there is no need for
Examples:
面接は20分で済んだ。
The interview took only 20 minutes.
どうにも～ない
Meaning
not ~ by any means; no matter how hard/try/cannot/there is no way to;cannot/do/ at all
Examples:
私には小説などはどうにも書けない。
I’d never be able to write something like a novel, no matter how hard I try.
に向けて／向けた
Meaning：
toward; to; at; aiming at; targeting; for; the purpose of; in order to
Examples:
報道班は次の目的地に向けて出発した。
The team of reporters left for the next destination.
にひきかえ
Meaning：
in contrast to; while; whereas
Examples:
几帳面父にひきかえ、息子はだらしなかった。
The son, in contrast to his meticulous father, was slovenly.
にとどまらず
Meaning：
Doesn’t stop with; doesn’t end with; not limited to; going beyond; not only; (but also)
Examples:
彼の研究範囲は哲学だけにとどまらず、認知心理学の領域にまで広がっている。
His area of research is not limited merely to philosophy, but extends to cognitive psychology as well.
ことから
Meaning：
because; due to; from the fact that; cause; trigger
Examples:
彼はアリバイが成立しなかったことから犯行の嫌疑がかけた。
Because ( from the fact that) he couldn’t establish an alibi, he was suspected of a criminal act.
とあって
Meaning：
because;as expected; naturally
Examples:
ボーナス後の連休とあって、観光地どこも人でいっぱいだ。
Because this is the series of holidays after the bonus season, (not surprisingly) all the tourist spots are crowded.
一切ない／いっさいない
Meaning：
Not; at all; absolutely not; whatsoever
Examples:
この製品には遺伝子組み換え大豆は一切使用していません。
For this product we haven’t used any genetically modified soybeans at all.
かな
Meaning：
How; what an; to my/our; it is; that
Examples:
悲しいかな、年を取って往年の記憶力がなくなってしまった。
How sad (it is) that I no longer have as strong a memory as I had in my younger days.
を介して／介した
Meaning：
Through; via; by means of; by~ing
Examples:
今現地の代理人を介して製造元と価格の交渉をしている。
We are negotiating the price with the manufacturer though a local agent now.
までのことだ
Meaning:
Just;merely;only
Examples:
もしTOEFLの点が悪かったらもう一度受けるまでのことだ。
If my TOEFL score isn’t good, then I’ll just take the test again.
なり
Meaning：
The moment;when;as soon as; soon after; no sooner - than
Examples:
妻は私の顔を見るなり泣き出した。
My wife began to cry the moment she saw me. (my face)
かのように
Meaning:
as if
Examples:
彼女はまるで整形手術をかのように綺麗になった。
Her looks improved (she has become beautiful), as though she had undergone cosmetic surgery.
序でに／ついでに
Meaning:
Adverb
1. incidentally; taking the opportunity; while (you) are at it; on the occasionUsually written using kana alone
Examples:
彼を迎えに行って、ついでにこの手紙をポストに入れておいて。
Go and meet him, and while you’re at it mail this letter.
に／ともなると
Meaning：
When; if; as
Examples:
桜の季節「に／と」もなるとこの公演は花見客で賑わう。
In the cherry blossom season (when it becomes the cherry blossom season), this park is packed with cherry blossom viewers.
の無さ／のなさ
Meaning:
Lack of; absence of
Examples:
私は彼の常識のなさにあきれている。
I am appalled by his lack of common sense.
なまじっか
Meaning：
Halfheartedly; slightly; thoughtlessly; unwisely ; inadequately; imperfectly; sort of; a little; somewhat; a bit of
Examples:
僕はなまじっか英語ができるばかりに、会社で重宝がられて困っています。
Because I know a little English, the office treasures me, which is causing me problems.
ところから
Meaning：
Because; be caused by the fact that; from the fact that
Examples:
この宝石は猫の目に似ているところから「猫目石」と名付けられている。
This gem is called “cat’s-eye” because it resembles a cat’s eye.
一方で／いっぽうで
Meaning：
While; when; (but) at the same time; on the other hand; even though; although
Examples:
我々は化石燃料による環境汚染の問題に対応する一方で、新しいエネルギーの開発に力を入れなければならない。
We have to make more effort in developing new energy (sources) while countering the problem of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels.
に越したことはない／にこしたことはない
Meaning：
Nothing is better than; if possible; be the best; be ideal; the
Examples:
仲間は多いに越したことはない。
The more buddies you have the better.
滅多にない／めったにない
Meaning：
rarely; seldom; hardly; almost; never
Examples:
この辺りでは地震は滅多に起きない。
Earthquakes seldom occur in this area.
ようと／が
Meaning：
Even if; whatever/whoever/etc.;no matter what/who/how/etc.; whether ( X or Y)
Examples:
人が何んと言おう（と／が）私は自分の子供を信じている。
Whatever (other) people say, I believe my child.
ども
Meaning：
Even though; although; though; no matter how much/often/hard/etc.
Examples:
この二つの文章は言い方は違えども、言おうとしていることは同じだ。
Although the way in which these two compositions written is different, their claims are the same.
そのもの
Meaning：
itself; themselves; very; perfect; the definition of; absolutely; totally; utterly; perfectly
Examples:
企画そのものは悪くない。
The plan itself is not bad.
中を／なかを
Meaning：
In the midst of ; when ; while; through; among
Examples:
冷たい風が「吹く／吹いている」中を10キロも歩いた。
When a cold wind was blowing I walked as much as 10 kilometers.
末に／すえに
Meaning：
After; at the end of
Examples:
試行錯誤の末に、やっと車に使える燃料電池ができた。
After much trial and error, we finally made a fuel cell battery that can be used in cars.
べく
Meaning：
in order to; to; for the purpose of; so that (can)
Examples:
この大学では２学期制に変えるべく今準備が進められている。
At this university, preparation is under way for changing (the current system) to a semester system.
なぜか
Meaning：
I don’t know why; without knowing why; for an unknown reason
Examples:
このところなぜか体の調子が悪い。
I don’t know why, but I haven’t felt well lately.
に～ない
Meaning：
cannot manage to; just cannot; cannot ~ despite the fact that ~ want to
Examples:
大事なお客さんからの電話がいつまでまってもかかってこないので、帰るに帰れない。
I’ve been waiting a long time for a call from an important customer, but it hasn’t come, so I cannot leave the office.
折に／おりに
Meaning：
on the occasion; at the time; when; if; opportunity; chance
Examples:
上京の折（に）はぜひお立ち寄りください。
When you come to Tokyo, be sure to stop by.
のみならず
Meaning：
Not only ~ ( but also ~); not only that
Examples:
我が社は日本国内のみならず、アメリカヨーロッパなどでもビジネス活動を行っております。
Our company does business not only in Japan but also in america Europe, and elsewhere.
もさることながら
Meaning：
is one thing, but; it is true that~, but; it is the case that~,but; but more importantly
Examples:
この図書館は蔵書の多さもさることながらサービスが実に素晴らしい。
This library’s large collection of books is one thing (is so, too), but the services they provide are really something else (really wonderful.)
およそ
Meaning：
generally; commonly; all; quite entirely; totally; utterly; (not) at all; for the most part; mostly; almost; approximately; roughly; about; rough; general
Examples:
私およそ名作と言われている映画はすべて見ているつもりだ。
I’m convinced that I’ve watched all the movies that are commonly considered masterpieces.
言わば／いわば
Meaning：
so to speak; as it were; like sort of
Examples:
この本は言わば私のバイブルだ。
This is, as it were, my bible.
を問わず／をとわず
Meaning：
regardless of; irrespective of; without reference to; whether X or Y; whether X or not; whatever/whoever/etc.; no matter what/who/how/etc.
Examples:
この会社は、経験があれば学歴を問わず採用してくれる。
This company will employ you regardless of your educational background if you have (relevant work) experience.
