Jasani: Sleep Architecture Flashcards
EEG Waveforms with corresponding mental conditions - PIC
Delta: deep sleep
Theta: light sleep
Alpha: awake, relaxed (relaxed because you’re the alpha dog)
Beta: awake, excited (excited/nervous - think of B2 agonists)
What stages does non-REM occur in? How often do they occur?
Stages 1-4 with increasing arousal threshold; occur in 45-60 min cycles
**What are two components of the Stage 2 sleep waveform?
**K-complex and sleep spindle
Describe the EEG, EOG, and EMG during REM. Can you recall dream imagery when awoken during REM sleep? Non-REM sleep?
EEG: low amp/mixed freq; similar to stage 1
EOG: bursts of movement, similar to wakefulness
EMG: Absent, brainstem-mediated muscle atonia (but with movement)
Detailed recall of dream imagery when awoken during REM, but not if during non-REM (no recall)
What percentage of sleep is spent in REM vs NREM sleep?
REM: 25%; dreams occur
NREM (stages 1-4): 75%
What is the main theory that supports why we sleep?
Restorative Theory of Sleep
What is the potential function of REM sleep? NREM sleep?
REM: memory consolidation
NREM: restorative function (altertness and energy)
Required duration of sleep varies from 6.5-8.5 hours
In aging and sleep patterns, the young have more ________ sleep while the older have less of it.
Delta. therefore the older have more sleep disturbances. (delta = deep sleep)
How long should a nap last?
No more than 45m -> you get groggy after that
What two body systems regulate sleep?
Sleep/Awake Homeostasis (balances sleep and awakefulness)
Circadian Biologican Clock (clock-dependent process that regulates alertness)
In the circadian system, what are the two inputs that go into the oscillator and generate the output of physiologic behavoir?
photic signal (light) and nonphotic signal (exercise)
Where does the circadian clock reside?
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) (affected by light and dark)
Explain how the SCN of the circadian clock works to make us feel sleepy.
Dark outside –> SCN –> Pineal gland secretes melatonin which is sent to the peripheral oscillators to cause us to feel sleepy
Does your homeostatic debt get repaid when you sleep?
yes
When you have sleep deprivation and additional pressure to sleep builds up due to the homeostatic system, what kind of sleep will you get more of when you finally get to sleep?
Delta
Describe what happens in acute vs chronic sleep deprivation.
Acute: rebound increase in slow-wave sleep followed by rebound increase in REM
Chronic: disturbance of usual sleep wave pattern during catch up; “sleep onset REM”. wierd shit.
What time does melatonin secretion start?
around 9pm
What are common physiological changes during sleep?
Body temp lowers
Growth hormone: highest during first 1/3 of the night
Cortisol: highest in early AM
What goes up during sleep?
**PaCO2
Renal water absorption
PNS activity
hormones (growth, PTH, renin, **testosterone)
What goes down during sleep?
**Upper airway dilator muscle tone (contributes to sleep apnea)
SNS activity
PaO2/SaO2
GFR
Hormone secretion (cortisol, insulin)
What happens in REM sleep? (“unstable sleep”)
**Vagus-mediated pulse and BP fluctuation
**Cardiac dysrhythmias
**irregular respiration
**no thermoregulation - poikiothermy (inhibited by extreme temps)
What are the active neurmtransmitters in generating sleep?
GABA, Adenosine, Glycine, Acetylcholine
(Sleep like a baby: GAGA)
(Glycine controls muscle tone)
What are the active neurmtransmitters in generating wakefulness?
Serotonin, **Histamine, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, NE, **Hypocretin (orexin), Glutamate
What are the main neurmtransmitters in REM?
Acetylcholine - cholingeric
What are the main neurmtransmitters in NREM?
GABA
What might be dysfunctional in narcolepsy/cataplexy?
Hypocretin (orexin)
What immunomodulator might be responsible for inhibiting sleep?
TGF-beta
