January Flashcards
how can PPI cause muscle aches?
long term use of PPI can cause hypomagnesaemia which can cause muscle weakness and aches, begins after 3 months to 1 year of using
side effects of using PPIs
hyponatraemia, hypomagnasaemia
osteoporosis
increased Cdiff risk
what size changes can be seen on renal ultrasound in CKD?
bilateral smaller kidneys
what conditions are associated with enlarged kidneys on renal ultrasound
HIV associated nephropathy, PCKD, diabetic nephropathy and amyloidosis
if someone is found to be in AF with no symptoms, how to determine if going to anticoagulate or not?
chadvasc2 score
what diuretic to use in someone with ascites secondary to alcoholic liver disease?
spironolactone - aldosterone antagonist
what part of the colon is most likely to be affected by ischaemic colitis?
splenic flexure - watershed area
risk factors of bowel ischaemia?
increasing age AF embolic conditions - cancer, endocarditis cardiovascular disease risk factors cocaine
what is the pattern of pain for mesenteric ischaemia?
sudden and severe
features of bowel ischaemia?
abdo pain rectal bleeding diarrhea fever leucocytosis + lactic acidosis
difference between mesenteric ischaemia and ischaemic colitis?
mesenteric ischaemia tends to be sudden and severe requiring urgent surgical treatment
ischaemic colitis can be transient and chronic, resulting in inflammation, ulceration and haemorrhage.
what murmur is associated with aortic dissection?
aortic regurgitation
if someone describes a tearing chest pain, what additional observations to be done?
right and left arm blood pressure
what ECG changes can be seen in aortic dissection?
inferior ST-elevation due to right coronary artery involvement of dissection
in addisons disease what can be seen in serum Sodium and potassium?
hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia
What electrolyte imbalance is associated with sarcoidosis, why?
Hypercalcaemia due to inappropriate activation of vitamin D by macrophages within granulomas
What blood test can be used if sarcoidosis is suspected
Serum ACE
Dry cough, fever, dyspnea, 3 months after solid body organ transplant. What’s a likely diagnosis?
CMV pneumonitis
What is a contraindication of Hartmanns solution?
Hyperkalaemia - contains potassium
How to diagnose Cushing’s disease ?
High acth, not surprised by low dose dex test but surprised by high dose dex test
cortisol not suppressed by low and high dose dex, what is the likely cause ?
Ectopic acth production
WhT are the features of myeloma?
Crab
High calcium
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone pain
What is the biochemical picture for myeloma? Calcium phosphate alp
High calcium normal/high phos normal alp
Definition of pathological Q waves?
> 1mm wide and >2mm deep
