Janis and Mann Handout

Question 1

Invulnerability

Answer 1

Members ignore obvious danger, take extreme risk, and are overly optimistic

Question 2

Collective Rationalization

Answer 2

Members discredit and explain away warning contrary to group thinking

Question 3

Illusion of Morality

Answer 3

Members believe their decisions are morally correct, ignoring the ethical consequences of their decisions

Question 4

Excessive stereotyping

Answer 4

The group constructs negative stereotypes of rivals outside the group

Question 5

Pressure for conformity

Answer 5

Members pressure any in the group who express arguments against the group’s stereotypes, illusions, or commitments, viewing such opposition as disloyalty

Question 6

Self-censorship

Answer 6

Members withhold their dissenting views and counter-arguments

Question 7

Illusions of Unanimity

Answer 7

Members perceive falsely that everyone agrees with the group’s decision; silence is seen as consent

Question 8

Mind-guards

Answer 8

Some members appoint themselves to the role of protecting the group from adverse information that might threaten group complacency