Jan 14 Flashcards
What are the top 4 drug targets?
GPCR, Protein kinases, proteases, ion channels
Cell signaling is very involved in the regulation of cell _____ and ______
Growth and division
Some signalling pathways may be limited to a few number of cells. Which cells are insulin responsive?
Adipocytes, hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells
What are the 2 major routes of how signal is transmitted to cell interior, and the 2 minor exceptions?
Major are GCPR: Receptor turns on effector enzyme, that will generate a secondary messenger for a cascade
RTK: Receptor activation activates recruiting platform, then protein docks to it, then cascade
Minor exceptions
Ligand-gated channels: ligand binds, then channel opens to certain ions or small molecules
Steroid hormone receptors: Steroid passes through MB, then receptor inside cell
What happens to proteins involved in a signalling cascade?
They are altered by the protein before it in the cascade. Usually covalent mod, so a molecular switch
What are the 5 responses from signalling pathways?
- Change gene expression
- Alter protein synthesis
- Alter metabolic enzyme activity
- Reconfigure cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton change affects cell mobility
What is non-conventional translation?
It is when not using AUG start site, this product of noncanonical reading frame generates non coding RNAs that regulate genes on the same strand
How to remove the constraint of having 20 AA’s?
Using covalent modification, can increase the number of side chains. Covalent mod is reversible and faster, and takes less E than making a diff AA.
Which post-translational modifications take 1st, 2nd, 3rd place for how common they are?
1st: Phosphorylation of Tyr, Ser, Thr
2nd: Ubiquitylation
3rd: Acetylation
What are glycoproteins?
They are proteins that have covalently bonded oligosaccharides on them
