James, Leiblein, Lu (2013)

Question 1

How firms capture value from their innovations:
Appropriation mechanism examples

Answer 1

• Formal legally backed:
  o Patents, science and technology
  o trademarks, brands and origin
  o copy rights, original works (music)
  o design rights, form and shape
  o plant variety rights
• Informal strategic:
  o Secrecy, NDA & confidentiality, restrictions, org division
  o Complexity, raise difficulty in understanding the innovation
  o Lead time advantage
  o Property pre-emptive investment, publish to public domain
  o HRM practices