J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner Flashcards
What is the difference between OP(Operant conditioning) and CC(Classical conditioning)
Classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus.
while operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence.
Explain: Positive reinforcement (PR)
Negative reinforcement (NR)
Positive punishment (PP)
Negative punishment (NP)
Positive =the addition of a stimulus - S+
Negative = an absence of pathology/stimulus - S-
Reinforcement = Strengthens voluntary response b+
Punishment = weakens voluntary response b-
What is explanatory fictions?
A mentalistic and mythical explanation for behavior that attributes unobservable processes to the occurrence of the behavior.
What are the limitations of using such terms as explanitory fiction?
Impedes further inquiry
Explain the basics re: classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.
Explain the basics of: operant conditioning
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
What is Aversive Control - what is the problem?
The desire to avoid punishment.
Results in an Unhealthy Behavioral Cycle Why? - Both are being reinforced and are likely to continue.
Difference between discriminative stimulus (SD) and S-delta (S∆)?
Discriminative Stimulus (SD) shows someone that reinforcement is available,
and the S-Delta (SΔ) shows that reinforcement is not available.
The Three Stages of Classical Conditioning (NS→CS)
✓Identify & define NS - Neutral Stimulus - bell
✓Follow the neutral stimulus with a Unconditioned stimulus - Unlearned stimulus - Food
✓Identify & define CS - Conditioned Stimulus- Bell
Example of a Secondary and Primary Reinforcers.
Primary: Food, water, Sleep.
Secondary: Money,
Example of a Primary
Secondary Punishers.
Primary: physical pain, discomfort
Secondary: grades, tickets.
What is 3 term contingency?
✓Reinforcement procedure involves:
1) behaviour + 2) stimulus + 3) consequence
Describe Shaping
Shaping is the use of an induviduals respose to reinforcement desired behavior. Such as good job or stop.
what is systematic desensitization?
Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that involves short periods of exposure to feared stimuli, which are presented in a graduated or hierarchical fashion.
What is the two-factor theory?
The two-factor theory is a concept that states the there are factors in an envoroment that affect an individual’s satisfaction and motivation level.
