Dr. Carl Rogers Flashcards
Congruence is based on these three ideas…
- Experience (what is happening or occurring)
- Awareness (what you consciously notice)
- Communication (what you say)
Explain Congruence
- One’s capacity to perceive the reality of their situation.
Someone who has high Congruence could also be described as Authentic.
- As the degree of accuracy between experience, communication, and awareness. A high degree of congruence means that communication (what one is expressing), experience (what is occurring), and awareness (what one is noticing) are all nearly equal.
Explain Incongruence
- incongruence, more generally, is the inability to perceive accurately, the inability or unwillingness to communicate accurately, or both.
Someone who has high incongruence could also be described as Inauthentic.
- Occurs when differences emerge between awareness, experience, and communication. For example, people exhibit incongruence when they appear angry but insist otherwise, even when pressed. Incongruence is also evident in people who say they are having a wonderful time yet act bored, lonely, or ill at ease.
Explain Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Model
- A person’s behavior is influenced by and influences personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior.
- This model emphasizes the continuous interplay between an individual's thoughts, behaviors, and the environment, with each factor affecting and being affected by the others.
List the Conditions needed for OL (observational learning)
- Attention
- Remember what’s observed
- Reproduce what’s learned
- Perform for a reason (when it matters; delayed modeling)
- Purposeful practice
Explain observational learning
Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors.
Explain Self-efficacy
An individual’s belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task or goal.
What are the five sources self-efficacy develops? Can you list an example of each?
- Successful performances - Past successes or failures in similar tasks
- Vicarious experiences - We learn from Observing others and the consequences of their behavior.
- Internal images - Given a situation, do you imagine success or failure?
- Verbal persuasion - The feedback a person receives from others about our capability.
- Physiological and emotional reactions - How we perceive our interoceptive sensation may influence our SE beliefs.
What is a cognitive distortion?
Systematic errors in reasoning. Frequent for those with mood disorders.
Describe Beck’s idea of automatic thoughts.
Our fast-flowing running commentary about what we are doing.
Beck’s theory of cognitive distortion, Define 2. Overgeneralization.
Seeing one negative event as a confirming instance of a never-ending pattern of defeat.
Beck’s theory of cognitive distortion, Define 3. Mental filter.
Dwelling on a single negative detail exclusively until negativity colors all of an experience.
Beck’s theory of cognitive distortion, Define 5. Jumping to conclusions.
Drawing negative conclusions even without definite facts to support them. e.g., when a person concludes someone thinks poorly about them without bothering to find out if it is true.
Beck’s theory of cognitive distortion, Define 7. Emotional resining.
Assuming that one’s negative emotions necessarily reflect the way things are: “I feel it. Therefore, it must be true.”
Beck’s theory of cognitive distortion, Define 8. Labelling and mislabeling.
Using a negative title when referring to an error instead of describing what happened. e.g., rather than stating, “I lost the key,” one attaches a negative label to oneself: “I am a loser.”
