items from lecture for 8003 final Flashcards
serotonin is made and synthesized in the
raphe nuclei and axon terminal
precursor to serotonin is
tryptophan
classic conditioning
results from the repeated pairing of a neutral (conditioned) stimulus with one that evokes a response (unconditioned) stimulus ( pavlovs dogs rang bell and conditioned dogs to salivate when thinking they will be fed).
Ultimately neutral stimulus evokes a response- think Pavlov’s dogs
operant conditioning
BF Skinner
Learning occurs as a result of an action
Social learning theory
Bandura
o Combine operant and classical conditioning theories
o Reciprocal determinism: behavior results from interaction between cognitive and environmental factors
o Self-efficacy: capacity to adapt to threatening situations as well as normal everyday activities
o Modeling behavior
cognitive dissonance
inconsistency among a person’s beliefs, knowledge, and behavior
attribution theory
: focus on how persons perceive the causes of behavior
Neurophysiology of learning: Hull
drive reduction theory of learning
contributions:
homeostasis,
humans are drawn to behaviors that can help them achieve physical and mental equilibrium.
motivation comes from your biological need.
neurophysiology of learning: Kandel
nobel for habituation and sensitization significant contributions
led to changes in sensory pathways and the changes parallel memory process
gave rise to thinking about memory storage
connections have a definite plan but can be altered by experience
neurophysiology of learning: Habituation
think desensitization
loss of behavioral response
become non threatening
simplest type of learning
NMDA receptors
Memory: Foundations for learning is in the
hippocampus cortex and cerebellum
Memory: Learning starts when the
sense take in a stimulus from the environment
Memory: Stimulus transformed into
memory trace or memory link
Memory: Electrical impulse passes through a neuron allows
expression, thought, movement, and behavior towards a stimulus
Memory: all of this results when
Connections between synapses are formed continuously in our brains.
Somatic symptoms:
- Neurological
head traum
Somatic symptoms:
- Endocrine:
hypothyroid
Somatic symptoms:
- Metabolic and systemic:
uremia
Somatic symptoms:
- Toxic:
intoxication
Somatic symptoms:
- Nutritional:
vitamin b12 deficiency
Somatic symptoms:
6. Infectious:
viral hepatitis
Somatic symptoms:
Autoimmune:
SLE
Somatic symptoms:
- Neoplastic:
endocrine tumors
Bleuler 4 As
● Association (looseness of)
○ Thoughts are not organized well. No good stream of conscious thought
● Affective disturbances - flat affect
● Autism
○ Social awkwardness - inability to read or give appropriate social cues
● Ambivalence
○ General emotional neutrality about matters
The neuropathological basis for schizophrenia involves the
limbic systeml
limbic system always refers to
to primitive and basic functions of the brain
think hallucinations (positive symptoms)
and basal ganglia
Schizophrenia induces abnormalities in the
cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem
schizophrenia is a
disease of the brain
a thought disorder
early onset risk factors for schizophrenia
● Having a family history of schizophrenia
● Increased immune system activation, such as from inflammation
● Older age of the father
● Some pregnancy and birth complications, such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins or viruses that may impact brain development
● Taking mind-altering (psychoactive) drugs during teen years
Schizophrenia dx
Two or more of the following each present for significant portion during 1 month period ( or less if successfully treated) at least one of these should be 1-3
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Grossly abnormal psychomotor behavior such as catatonia
- Negative symptoms (restricted affect or avolition/asociality)
Schizophrenia
onset in children is:
often are:
Often do:
-schizophrenia onset is insidious (slow and gradual)
-Children often socially rejected and have limited social skills
-Some do poorly in school despite normal intelligence
Schizophrenia good prognosis factors
-late and acute onset- if after age 30 generally brief and good prognosis may not return
-married
-Good support system
-positive symptoms ( seeing things or hearing things)
Schizophrenia poor prognosis factors
young onset
insidious onset: slow/gradual
boys vs girls depression prevalence
Depression is significantly more common in boys under the age of 10. But by age 16, girls have a greater incidence of depression.
depression etiology
Biological factors
-monoamine neurotransmitters- norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine
Prognosis of SSD somatic symptom disorder:
prognosis of SSD varies.
chronic
relapsing disorder that usually doesnt remit (wax and wane)
80% chance of being dx again 5 yrs laster with same type of presentation
SSD in DSM
new dx
multiple current somatic symptoms disrupting daily life or are distressing
one severe sx: pain
etiology of OCD
environmental: negative events in childhood
genetic dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum implicated
gender and ocd characteristic
males more likely to have comorbid tic disorder with OCD
obsession vs compulsion
obsession we do with our minds (thoughts)
compulsion we do with our body (behaviors)
recognizing ocd is about
control and acceptance
12 mo prevalence of GAD in US
0.9% adolescents and 2.9% adults
gender and GAD
female 2x male
GAD most often coexists with
another mental disorder, phobia, or depressive disorder
HPA affects disorders
mood disorders
PTSD
dementia
SUD
panic disorder sx
derealization
feelings of unreality
depersonalization being detached from ones self
most children ouotgrow separation anxiety by
3
selective mutism usually starts
before 5yo
2 major amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA and glutamate
Cluster B personality. Most common in outpatient (4)
Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD
Antisocial PD
Prison
general disregard and violation of rights of others
very transactional relationships
Borderline PD
often see self harm or suicide
great insecurity and fear of abandonment
strong boundaries
Histrionic PD
major drama all the time
amplified more drama than BPD
center of attention
Narcissistic PD
Trump
extreme negative reactions to criticism
elevated sense of self importance
difficulty showing empathy or remorse
reality is an extremity insecure person reacting
cluster b onset must
onset in adolescents or early adulthood
sx stable over time and lead to distress
PD and comorbidity
50% who meet criteria for one will meet criteria for another
can be paired with at least one other disorder
Bipolar
SUD
Eating
differentiate lewy body from other dementia
acting out dreams in sleep and known for visual hallucinations
best known questionnaire for informant for dementia
IQCODE
differentiate delirium from dementia
delerium :
rapid onset
fluctuates throughout the day
PTSD major criterion for dx
A: stressor
B: intrusion sx
C: avoidance
D: negative alterations in cognitions and mood
E: alterations in arousal and reactivity
F: Duration more than 1 mo
G: functional significance (distress/impair)
H: Exclusion
PTSD 2 specifications
Dissociative: criteria met but also high level of depersonalization or derealization
Delayed (full criteria not met til at least 6 mo)
4 main structures of limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, regions of the limbic cortex, septal area
primitive
cluster A PD broad description
street personality
odd weird people
often misdiagnosed as autism
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
cluster B PD broad description
most common in outpatient
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
labs for carbamazepine (tegretol) or Depakote
annual LFT with serum drug level
Tourette dx
2+ motor tics
sx for 1+ yr
onset before 18
areas that play a significant role in depression
amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus
