ITEC 90 (SIR TABERNA) Flashcards
1
Q
e-commerce, banking, inventorying, telecommunications, archiving, health
A
- Commercial
2
Q
– critical infrastructure, homeland security, policing
A
- Social
3
Q
email, chat, videoconferencing, social networking, entertainment
A
- Human interaction/communication
4
Q
– Network every (electronic) device (computers, phones, sensors, planes, cars, TVs, appliances, heart monitors, …)
A
Modern trend
5
Q
A system that carries a commodity between 2 or more entities
A
Network
6
Q
A system that carries information between 2 or more entities, in the form of electric signals
A
Computer network
7
Q
The task of connecting nodes via links, so that nodes can exchange information, reliably, timely, efficiently, safely, privately, “greenly”, and with low cost
A
Network Design
8
Q
Applications
A
- WWW, email, chat, videoconferencing, e-commerce, audio/video streaming, VOIP, file sharing
9
Q
Who deploys the network
A
- Enterprise, government, end-user
10
Q
Where is the network deployed
A
- Home, building, campus, state, country, continent, globe
11
Q
think again a transportation network
A
Metrics ()
12
Q
How many cars can it service
A
-(throughput)?-
13
Q
How fast can it service them
A
delay-
14
Q
collisions, losses, outage probabilities, etc
A
- How reliable can it service them
15
Q
Can it provide any guarantees
A
(QoS)quality of service-
16
Q
Each node is directly connected to all others via a link
A
Point-to-point links:
17
Q
All nodes share the same physical medium
A
Multiple access
18
Q
A dedicated circuit is established across a set of links
A
Circuit-Switched
19
Q
Circuit-Switched
A
Packet-Switched
20
Q
End-to-end permanent connection
A
Circuit-Switched Networks
21
Q
Once communication is complete, connection is ended and links are released.
A
Circuit-Switched Networks
22
Q
- Dedicated path for communication
- No need for a destination address since a path is already established
A
Circuit-Switched Networks
23
Q
- Predictable bitrate and delay
- Good for delay-sensitive applications
A
- Guaranteed bandwidth (Quality of Service)
24
Q
- Rare packet loss
- Packets are delivered in order
A
- Reliable communication
25
- Forwarding based on time slot or frequency (multiplexing)
- No need to inspect a packet header for address
3. Simple data routing
26
- Forwarding based on time slot or frequency
- No IP (and TCP/UDP) header on each packet
4. Low per-packet overhead
27
Disadvantages of Circuit Switching
- Bursty traffic leads to idle connection during silent period
1. Wasted bandwidth
28
Disadvantages of Circuit Switching
- Connection refused when resources are not sufficient
- Unable to offer “okay” service to everybody
2. Blocked connections
29
Disadvantages of Circuit Switching
- No communication until the connection is set up
- Unable to avoid extra latency for small data transfers
3. Connection set-up delay
30
Disadvantages of Circuit Switching
- Network nodes must store per-connection information
- Unable to avoid per-connection storage and state
4. Network state
31
- Each packet contains identification info (source/destination address seq. number, etc)
Packet Switched Networks
32
Advantages of Packet Switching
- Links are not reserved during idle period
1. No wasted bandwidth
33
Advantages of Packet Switching
- Frequency, time, statistical multiplexing
2. Multiplexing (see next slides)
34
Advantages of Packet Switching
- More connections of lesser quality
- No blocking of users
3. Service
35
Advantages of Packet Switching
- Can adapt to network congestion and failures
4. Adaptation
36
Disadvantages of Packet Switching
- Harder to build applications requiring QoS
1. No guaranteed bandwidth
37
Disadvantages of Packet Switching
- Need a header with source/dest. address, etc
2. Per packet overhead
38
Disadvantages of Packet Switching
- Packets can be lost, corrupted or delivered out-of-order
3. Complex end-to-end control
39
Disadvantages of Packet Switching
- No congestion control, can lead to arbitrary delays and packet drops
4. Delay and Congestion
40
Three pairs of senders/receivers share the same physical link to communicate
Multiplexing
41
Multiplexing Methods
-Time Division Multiplexing
-Frequency Division Multiplexing
-Statistical multiplexing
42
- Division of the communication medium into a number of channels of variable bandwidth
Statistical multiplexing
43
- A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.
- The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.
- The connection between computers can be done via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves
Computer Networks
44
- Also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are physical devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network.
Network Hardware
45
- It is designed to help set up, manage, and/or monitor computer networks.
Network Software
46
- Also called as Communicating Devices
- Network Devices are components used to connect computers or other electronic devices together so they can share files or resources like printers or fax machines.
- Devices used to setup a Local Area Network (LAN) are the most common
Network Devices
47
* NIC (Network Interface Card)
* Repeater
* Hub
* Modem
* Server
* Switch
type of network devices used by the public
48
- The ___ provides a device with the physical connection to the network. NICs can provide connections for any type of networking media, including wireless media. Not only do servers and workstations have NICs, so do network printers and all other network devices.
- It has specific MAC Address (48 bit)
- Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local area network.
Network Interface Card
49
- Network repeaters regenerate incoming electrical, wireless or optical signals.
- With physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi, data transmissions can only span a limited distance before the quality of the signal degrades.
Repeater
50
* A repeater can connect different types of media (such as coax to twisted pair).
* Repeaters extend the distance a network can reach.
* Repeaters do not increase network traffic.
Advantages OF REPEATER
51
* A repeater extends the collision domain.
* Repeaters cannot filter information, so the same information goes to all nodes.
* Repeaters cannot connect different logical network architectures.
* A network can include only a limited number of repeaters
DISADVANTAGES OF REPEATER
52
are devices used to link several computers together.
- They repeat any signal that comes on one port and copy it to other ports (a process that is also called broadcasting)
- A _____is the central point of connection for cable segments in a physical star topology. Technically, a hub is a multiport repeater for use with twisted pair cable.
- Hubs and switches serve as a central connection for all of your network equipment and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry your data. When a frame is received, it is amplified and then transmitted on to the port of the destination PC.
Hub
53
* They are cheap and readily available.
* They are easy to deploy and maintain.
* They can connect media operating at different speeds.
Advantages OF HUB
54
* Hubs can’t filter the information passing through them so all packets transmit to all segments (all connected devices).
* Collision of Data.
* It will broadcast to all the ports
DISADV OF HUB
55
– simply connect all ports together electrically and are usually not powered.
1. Passive Hub
56
use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it broadcast to the other ports.
2. Active Hub
57
- Short for MODulator/DEModulator
- A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines.
Modem
58
is a Modem that is built onto the computer motherboard. These Modems cannot be removed.
-a modem that comes as an expansion board you can insert into a computer
Onboard Modem
59
connects to a PCI slot inside a newer desktop computer or ISA slot on an older computer.
Internal Modem
60
is located within a box and is hooked up externally to the computer, usually the Serial Ports or USB port. The picture is an example of an external USRobotics Modem.
External Modem
61
is modem that is installed outside of the CPU and is used with older laptops PCMCIA slot.
-External modem connected to the CPU via the COM port or USB
Removable Modem
62
- A computer or device on a network that manages network resources.
Server
63
a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
* File server
64
a computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic.
* Print server
65
a computer system that processes database queries
* Database server
66
- Switches are actually multiport bridges that function at the Data Link layer of theOSI model.
- It uses a database of MAC addresses to determine where computers are located and very efficiently send packets only where they need to go.
- Each switch port has a separate collision domain
Switch
67
* They limit the collision domain.
* They can segment the network into multiple segments with separate collision domains.
* They support intelligent management capabilities.
* They can limit broadcast traffic propagated between segments.
Advantages OF SWITCH
68
* They are typically more expensive than a hub of the same size.
* Some switches are complex and difficult to configure.
* Additional optional functionality can add to the potential complexity.
Disadvantages OF SWITCH
69
- A bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet)
Bridge
70
is a device that forwards data packets along networks
- However, they are smaller than bridges because they are more intelligent devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing packet- forwarding delays. Because of this intelligence, they are more expensive.
- Routers connect different network segments that may be located in the same building or thousands of miles apart. They can connect different types of networks, such as Token Ring and Ethernet networks, or using different routed protocols.
- The router changes the packet’s size, format, and addressing to fi t the type of destination network on which the packet is being sent. They use the network address and the IP address in the TCP/IP environment, for example, to determine the best path for the packet to take to reach the destination quickly.
Router
71
connect networks
Routers
72
create a network
Switches
73
links computers to the Internet, so users can share the connection
router
74
acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best path for information to travel so it's received quickly.
router
75
- A device that adds wireless connectivity to a laptop or desktop computer.
Wi-Fi Card
76
the layer closest to transport medium
physical
77
The most common resource shared today is
connection to the Internet.
78
is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.
computer network
79
The connection between computers can be done via
cabling
80
most commonly the Ethernet cable
cabling
81
WWW, email, chat, videoconferencing, e-commerce, audio/video streaming, VOIP, file sharing, are example of?
APPLICATION
82
is the central point of connection for cable segments in a physical star topology. Technically, a hub is a multiport repeater for use with twisted pair cable
HUB
83
They repeat any signal that comes on one port and copy it to other ports (a process that is also called broadcasting)
HUB
84
serve as a central connection for all of your network equipment and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry your data. When a frame is received, it is amplified and then transmitted on to the port of the destination PC.
Hubs and switches
85
carry your data
FRAMES
86
When a frame is received, it is ______ and then transmitted on to the port of the destination PC.
amplified
87
provides a device with the physical connection to the network. NICs can provide connections for any type of networking media, including wireless media
NIC
88
is a physical and data link layer technology for local area network.
ETHERNET
89
type of network devices used by the public
NIC (Network Interface Card)
Repeater
Hub
Modem
Server
Switch
90
Advantages OF HUB
They are cheap and readily available.
They are easy to deploy and maintain.
They can connect media operating at different speeds.
91
ADVANTAGES OF REPEATER
A repeater can connect different types of media (such as coax to twisted pair).
Repeaters extend the distance a network can reach.
Repeaters do not increase network traffic.
92
Advantages OF SWITCH
Q
They limit the collision domain.
They can segment the network into multiple segments with separate collision domains.
They support intelligent management capabilities.
They can limit broadcast traffic propagated between segments.
93
is flow priority for computer network
HOV lane of transport netwrok
94
street address for computer network
ip address
95
payload for computer network
people of transport network
96
broadband for computer network
highway/ path
97
routing algorhitim for cpmputer network
following a route network
98
is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines
MODEM
99
known as node address
network tree
100
a base 2 numbersing system
binary
101
the subnet mask determines the network version and host portion
newer technology
102
value of the first octet determines thenetwork portion and the host portion determines
older technology
103
a special addres
broadcast address
104
the address assigned
host address
105
other called is subnet mask
prefix length
106
used to identufy the network and host portion
subnet mask
107
used efficiently in various situations
address classes
108
all are real numbers
number system
109
all digit start with 0
0
110
a base-n number system has 10 og digits
decimal
111
base 2 has 2 digits
binary
112
base-16 has 16 digits
hexadecimal
113
the first column is always the number of 1's
1's
114
internet and most internal workd
classless ip addressing
115
have all 0's in the host portion
network address
116
have all 1's in the host portion
broadcast address
117
cannot have 0's and 1's in the host
host adresses
118
subnet mask has
32
119
other called for prefix length
IP subnet mask length
120
subnet mask has two portion
network and host
121
unique combination 0's and 1's in the host portion of the address
subnet
122
in 16-bit available how many possible addresses
2 raise to 16
123
in 8-bit available how many possible addresses
2 raise to 8
124
connected to a computer used as communication
ip address
125
was in various testing until mid-2000's
IPV6
126
has 18 million addreses
private network
127
has 270 million addresses
multicast
128
organization reviewed the internet protocol
IETF
129
ip address two parts:
network number,
host number
130
to represent the value of each byte
DOTTED NOTATION
131
THE ADDRESSES ASSIGNED
HOST ADDRESS
132
USED EFFICIENTLY IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS
ADDRESS CLASSES
