ITAZ RQ: Structural Flashcards
Structural:
What is the difference between a strip footing and a pad footing and where would each be used?
- A strip footing or spread footing is used under a foundation wall. A pad footing is used under a column. Pad footings distribute concentrated loads. Strip footings handle more evenly distributed walls.
Structural:
List 7 materials that a foundation might be made of.
- Concrete
- Concrete block
- Cinder block
- Brick
- Clay tile
- Stone
- Wood
Structural:
What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier?
- A pilaster is a thickening of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a beam or column.
- A pier is a stand alone structural member that can be thought of as a column stuck into the ground.
Structural:
List four causes of cracks in foundation walls.
- Shrinkage
- Differential settling
- Heaving
- Horizontal forces
Structural:
What is a shrinkage crack and what causes it?
- Shrinkage cracks are typically caused by natural curing of concrete.
Structural:
What is a concentrated load?
- A point at which distributed weight is centralized upon. Loads from large areas are concentrated on a small point. This could be the end of a beam, bottom of a chimney or a column, for example.
Structural:
What is ‘lateral support’ as it applies to foundations?
- Lateral support is usually a floor system secured to the top of a foundation wall, preventing it from tipping inward.
Structural:
Why might a damaged foundation move suddenly after a heavy rain?
- Increase in hydrostatic pressure or swelling of expansive soils.
Structural:
Floors will bend a little before they break. (True or False)
True
Structural:
Why are rotted sills a problem?
- Rotted sills can be crushed and lead to differential settlement
- Rotted sills often mean rotted joists and studs
- Rotted sills means the house from is not well anchored to the foundation
Structural:
List 12 common column problems.
- Missing
- Settled
- Crushed
- Leaning
- Buckled
- Rust
- Poorly secured at the top or bottom
- Mortar deterioration
- Spalling concrete or brick
- Mechanical damage
- Rot or insect damage
- Heaved
Structural:
Which column materials are susceptible to crushing?
- Concrete
- Wood
Structural:
How wide should the top of the column be, relative to the width of the beam above?
- The same width
Structural:
List four types of engineered wood products used for beams.
- Glulams
- LVL- Laminated Vener Lumber
- LSL- Laminated Strand Lumber
- PSL- Parallel Strand Lumber
Structural:
The ends of beams should have at least ____ inches of bearing on concrete or masonry and ____ inches on wood or metal?
- 3 inches, 1.5 inches
Structural:
Wood beams should not be supported directly on hollow concrete block. (True or False)
- True
Structural:
Describe the 1/3 rule of column stability using illustrations.
- Inner 1/3 area is acceptable. Anything outside of it is unstable.
Structural:
List 6 materials that may be used for masonry walls.
- Brick
- Stone
- Concrete block
- Cinder block
- Clay tile
- Glass block
Structural:
Missing fire stopping is more common on platform construction than balloon frame construction. (True or False)
- False
Structural:
Brick veneer walls are watertight. (True or False)
- False
Structural:
Rusting steel lintels over windows cause what kind of masonry crack patterns?
- Horizontal cracks usually radiating out from the corners of the window. Upside down triangle is for center failure.
Structural:
The masonry veneer is a load bearing part of the structure. (True or False)
- False
Structural:
End bearing for steel lintels in masonry should be at least ____ inches. End bearing for wood headers should be at least ____ inches.
- 4 inches, 1.5 inches
Structural:
Give two examples of how you might differentiate between a roof leak and a condensation problem in an attic.
- Condensation tends to be more uniform and widespread than leakage. Condensation is uniform laterally across the roof. Leaks tend to run down sloped roof surfaces following gravity.
Structural:
What is the main function of a collar tie?
- Collar ties help prevent rafter sag
Structural:
Why is it common to find sagging roof sheathing on trusses?
- Trusses are further apart than most rafters. Trusses are often 24 inches on center and some common (OSB), plywood and waterboard sheathings are not thick enough to span 24 inches without sagging under live load.
