ITAZ RQ: Structural Flashcards
Structural:
What is the difference between a strip footing and a pad footing and where would each be used?
- A strip footing or spread footing is used under a foundation wall. A pad footing is used under a column. Pad footings distribute concentrated loads. Strip footings handle more evenly distributed walls.
Structural:
List 7 materials that a foundation might be made of.
- Concrete
- Concrete block
- Cinder block
- Brick
- Clay tile
- Stone
- Wood
Structural:
What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier?
- A pilaster is a thickening of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a beam or column.
- A pier is a stand alone structural member that can be thought of as a column stuck into the ground.
Structural:
List four causes of cracks in foundation walls.
- Shrinkage
- Differential settling
- Heaving
- Horizontal forces
Structural:
What is a shrinkage crack and what causes it?
- Shrinkage cracks are typically caused by natural curing of concrete.
Structural:
What is a concentrated load?
- A point at which distributed weight is centralized upon. Loads from large areas are concentrated on a small point. This could be the end of a beam, bottom of a chimney or a column, for example.
Structural:
What is ‘lateral support’ as it applies to foundations?
- Lateral support is usually a floor system secured to the top of a foundation wall, preventing it from tipping inward.
Structural:
Why might a damaged foundation move suddenly after a heavy rain?
- Increase in hydrostatic pressure or swelling of expansive soils.
Structural:
Floors will bend a little before they break. (True or False)
True
Structural:
Why are rotted sills a problem?
- Rotted sills can be crushed and lead to differential settlement
- Rotted sills often mean rotted joists and studs
- Rotted sills means the house from is not well anchored to the foundation
Structural:
List 12 common column problems.
- Missing
- Settled
- Crushed
- Leaning
- Buckled
- Rust
- Poorly secured at the top or bottom
- Mortar deterioration
- Spalling concrete or brick
- Mechanical damage
- Rot or insect damage
- Heaved
Structural:
Which column materials are susceptible to crushing?
- Concrete
- Wood
Structural:
How wide should the top of the column be, relative to the width of the beam above?
- The same width
Structural:
List four types of engineered wood products used for beams.
- Glulams
- LVL- Laminated Vener Lumber
- LSL- Laminated Strand Lumber
- PSL- Parallel Strand Lumber
Structural:
The ends of beams should have at least ____ inches of bearing on concrete or masonry and ____ inches on wood or metal?
- 3 inches, 1.5 inches
Structural:
Wood beams should not be supported directly on hollow concrete block. (True or False)
- True
Structural:
Describe the 1/3 rule of column stability using illustrations.
- Inner 1/3 area is acceptable. Anything outside of it is unstable.
Structural:
List 6 materials that may be used for masonry walls.
- Brick
- Stone
- Concrete block
- Cinder block
- Clay tile
- Glass block
Structural:
Missing fire stopping is more common on platform construction than balloon frame construction. (True or False)
- False
Structural:
Brick veneer walls are watertight. (True or False)
- False
Structural:
Rusting steel lintels over windows cause what kind of masonry crack patterns?
- Horizontal cracks usually radiating out from the corners of the window. Upside down triangle is for center failure.
Structural:
The masonry veneer is a load bearing part of the structure. (True or False)
- False
Structural:
End bearing for steel lintels in masonry should be at least ____ inches. End bearing for wood headers should be at least ____ inches.
- 4 inches, 1.5 inches
Structural:
Give two examples of how you might differentiate between a roof leak and a condensation problem in an attic.
- Condensation tends to be more uniform and widespread than leakage. Condensation is uniform laterally across the roof. Leaks tend to run down sloped roof surfaces following gravity.
