Italy, Booklet 3, The Creation of the Kingdom of Italy Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Cavour’s speech to parliament 1855, Quotes :

Answer

A

~ ‘Fight with true valour on the field of glory’.
~ ‘Can take her rightful place among the Great powers’.
~ ‘Italy’.

Question 2

Q

Victor Emmanuel II’s speech…

Answer

A

‘Cry of Anguish’/
- Exiles cried, Ministers of France, Prussia, Russia and England were astonished.
- Napoleon suggested it to show Italy as the victims and Austria as the aggressors.
- ‘Long live the King’ cried by many.

Question 3

Q

(The National Society)
- Cavour allowed this to grow, it was formed in 18___’s and was…
- Membership rose to _______ by 185__… Aim…

Answer

A

~ Formed in the 1850’s and was dominated by Italian exiled living in Piedmont.
~ Membership rose to 8,000 by 1857.
~ Its aim was to promote the unity of Italy.

Question 4

Q

(The National Society)
- Many members had…
- Plus converts…

Answer

A

Supported Mazzini, but by the 1850’s the leaders were Pallavicino and La Farina.
~ Plus converts such as Manin who now accepted that leadership of Italy may be under the Piedmontese monarch and not a republic.

Question 5

Q

(The National Society) In 185__ Cavour met… and although they had…

Answer

A

1856, Cavour met Manon and although they had disagreements, it was a step forward on the road to change. GOOD CONTACTS
~ Also met Garibaldi the same year to discuss a possible war with Austria.
~ The radical republican movement seemed prepared to get behind Piedmont.

Question 6

Q

(The National Society)
- Cavour was worried…
- After the Congress of Paris…

Answer

A

That he didn’t want France and Napoleon III to think he was organising and backing a group of dangerous radicals.
~ After the congress of Paris, Cavour and Napoleon had kept up a dialogue through Napoleon’s new phew (Prince Jerome) and Cavour’s trusted friend Niagra.

Question 7

Q

(Orsini Plot) When was it and who was it led by?

Answer

A

January 1858, an attempt made on Louis Napoleon’s III life.
~ 4 Italian nationalists led by count Felice Orsini.
~ Orsini made 3 large bombs in London and outwitted French police by going via Brussels.

Question 8

Q

(The Orsini Plot) What happened?

Answer

A

A bomb was thrown at Napoleon and his wife Eugenie.
~ 8 dead and 150 injured (not them).
~ Orsini aimed to kill Nap, so he would be replaced by a new, republican gov in France who would help Italy.

Question 9

Q

(The Orsini Plot) Letter…

Answer

A

The letter appealed to Napoleon III to help Italy get independence.
~ Some believed that Napoleon even dictated the contents.
~ Initially, Napoleon III was bitter towards Piedmont as they had allowed Orsini to avoid arrest and make his way to France.

Question 10

Q

(The Orsini Plot) Victor Emmanuel II saved the day when…

Answer

A

He presented a Piedmont as the best guarantee against the excesses of radicals.
~ This & Napoleon’s long standing desire to ‘do something for Italy’, calmed his nerves.

Question 11

Q

(The Orsini Plot) Visit from Napoleon’s confidant Dr Conneau, to Turin in…

Answer

A

June 1858, raised hopes of direct cooperation between the two states against Austria.

Question 12

Q

(Essay Plan, Factors Q) ‘Piedmont was in a better position to lead Italy towards unification in 1858 than it had been in 1847’. How far do you agree with this statement?

Answer

A

~ (YES) Politically Stronger (VEII & Cavour).
~ (YES) National Society (Not secret).
~ (YES) Economy + Industrial development.
~ (YES) Diplomatic Position (PofP, CW).
~ (NO) Charles Albert was more committed.
~ (NO) The Pope.

Question 13

Q

(Pact of Plombieres) Progress between F & P was rapid, Napoleon and Cavour had a secret meeting on the… Plans were drawn up…

Answer

A

21st of July 1858.
- Plans drawn up for French military intervention which would result in Austrian expulsion from Lombardy & Venetia, the enlargement of Piedmont and an Italy made up of 4 major power blocs (rather than 11).

Question 14

Q

(Pact of Plombieres) Evidence that Cavour only wanted to unify the French (2) :

Answer

A

Austria expulsion was only to be from Lombardy + Venetia.
Naples would remain the same (Napoleon didn’t want to upset Tsar of Russia, an ally of the Bourbons).

Question 15

Q

(Pact of Plombieres) Why did the Austrians have to look like the aggressors…?

Answer

A

who provoked the war. If France and a Bonaparte (Napoleon I’s nephew) looked like the aggressors, then Prussia might defend Austria.

Question 16

Q

(Pact of Plombieres) Some of the terms (3) :

Answer

A

Kingdom of Upper Italy, ruled by the House of Savoy would be created to cover Piedmont, Lombardy, Venetia and the Duchies of Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations.
Rome and the surrounding area would remain under control of Pope, who would lead an Italian confederation.
200,000 French soldiers.

Question 17

Q

(Pact of Plombieres) What were France’s terms? (3)

Answer

A

100,000 Piedmontese soldiers to make an army of 300,000.
Nice and Savoy.
Agreement would be sealed with the marriage of the 15-year-old daughter of VEII, Marie Clotilde (shows leadership) to the middle-aged Prince Jerome Bonaparte.

Question 18

Q

(2nd War of Italian Independence/Franco-Austrian War, VEII’s Issues in 1859) :
- How to produce…
- How to encourage…
- How to avoid upsetting…
- How to keep…

Answer

A

How to produce 100,000 troops, they had 20,000 untrained volunteers from NS & 60,000 Piedmontese soldiers.
How to encourage popular enthusiasm for war within Italy.
How to avoid upsetting European powers, most didn’t want to see Austrian domination in Northern Italy replaced by the French.
How to keep Napoleon committed and avoid him compromising with Austrians (LOL).

Question 19

Q

(Steps to War 1859) 10th January 1859 :

Answer

A

Victor Emmanuel II makes his Cry of Anguish (Grido di Dolore).

Question 20

Q

(Steps to War 1859) March & April 1859 :

Answer

A

March : Piedmont mobilised their army.
April : Austria mobilised, costly, they could not afford to do this for long.

Question 21

Q

(Steps to War 1859) 23rd April 1859 :

Answer

A

Austria demanded Piedmont demobilise within 3 days.

Question 22

Q

(Steps to War 1859) 29th April 1859 :

Answer

A

Austria declared war, General Franz Gyulai invaded Piedmont, but were delayed by poor weather giving time for the French forces to arrive by rail to support Piedmont. chck

Question 23

Q

(2nd War of Italian Independence/Franco-Austrian War 1859) : Was Austria prepared?

Answer

A

Commanded by ‘courtier soldiers’ (nobles, not always career soldiers).
Only partial mobilisation as troops had to be left in Hungary.
90,000 troops.

Question 24

Q

(2nd War of Italian Independence/Franco-Austrian War 1859) : Were France and Piedmont prepared?

Answer

A

Piedmont officers were reluctant to engage, wanted to leave the fighting to the French.
The army arrived by train, but in advance of their supplies. So some men died of exposure before even getting to the battlefield.

Question 25

Q

(Battle of Magenta, 4th June 1859) Outcome :

Answer

A

French victory.
- Not a single Piedmontese lost their life, slightly embarassing.
- Pushed Austria away from Piedmont and freed part of Lombardy.

Question 26

Q

(Battle of Magenta, 4th June 1859) Italian Nationalism + Relationship with France :

Answer

A

IN : Combined force, Garibaldi became a hero.
RWF : Good, worked together well. Bad, French seemed to sacrifice the most.

Question 27

Q

(Battle of Soferino, 21st-24th June 1859) Outcome, when? :

Answer

A

Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and Napleon III signed an armistice without consulting the Sardinian allies. On the 11th July 1859.

Question 28

Q

(Battle of Solferino, 21st-24th June 1859) Outline :
- Franz Joseph…
- Eventually…
- Allies had ___________ casualties, Austrians __________.
- Emperor defeated…

Answer

A

~ Franz Joseph himself took control of army.
~Eventually Austrians driven back into the Quadrilaterals.
~ Allies had 17,000 casualties, Austrians 21,000.
~ Emperor defeated in battle and faced the prospect of a revolution in Hungary, signed…

Question 29

Q

Baron Bettino Ricasoli :

Answer

A

Strong supporter of Italian Unity and became the leader of the Tuscan government in 1859.
~ Arranged the annexation of Tuscany to the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont).

Question 30

Q

The National Society encouraged change in the…

Answer

A

Central Duchies at the time of the 1859.
~ Trying to encourage pro-Piedmontese uprisings.

Question 31

Q

(NS encouraging change) May 1859 : Organised peaceful revolutions in…

Answer

A

Modena and Parma, the rulers fled leaving provisional governments in control.
~ Pro-Piedmontese Government.

Question 32

Q

(NS encouraging change) June 1859 :

Answer

A

The Duke of Modena and Duchess-Regent of Parma fled their provinces.
- Replaced by a government led by Luigi Farini, close to Piedmont.
- All major gov decisions approved in Turin, making this area almost a Piedmontese colony.

Question 33

Q

(Why did Napoleon sue for peace?) 6 reasons :

Answer

A

1). New + more accurate weaponry (e.g. breechloader rifle) and the huge armies.
2). Only 1 doctor per 500 casualties on the allied side.
3). France didn’t think Piedmont could maintain the conflict for much longer, lack of equipment + expertise.
4). Austria had retreated to the ‘Quadrilateral’, a series of fortresses on boarders of Venetia. Defeating them would be lengthy and expensive.
5). Cavour seemed increasingly interested in the CD, beyond the Plombieres agreement. Nap also believed PS were under threat (French Catholics would not support and GB would become wary if Piedmont got too big).
6) 24th June 1859, Prussian army mobilised on the banks of Rhine (French boarder, warning?)

Question 34

Q

When was the Armistice of Villafranca? and between who?

Answer

A

11th July 1859, between Napoloeon III and Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, at Villafranca.
- Piedmont was excluded from the talks.
- Cavour resigned following this.

Question 35

Q

Proposed peace at Villafranca on the 11th July 1859 (6) :

Answer

A

1). Austria gave Lombardy to France, which might choose to give it to Piedmont in due course (humiliating for Italy).
2). Venetia to remain in Austrian hands.
3). Piedmont not to be given control of Modena/Parma, rulers who were forced to flee, were to be restored
4). Piedmont forbidden to annex Mantua & Peschiera in Lombardy which were quadilateral forts.
5). An Italian confederation was to be set up, as agreed in Plombieres, with the Pope as head.
6). France wouldn’t take Nice and Savoy, since terms of Plombieres were not fully filled.

Question 36

Q

When was the Treaty of Zurich? and between who?

Answer

A

10th November 1859x, between Napoleon III and Franz Josef.

Question 37

Q

The Treaty of Zurich, 10th November 1859 (3) :

Answer

A

Agreement was a reaffirment of the terms of the preliminary peace of Villafranca, brought the Franco-Austrian war to an official close.
Rulers of the central Italian duchies were to be restored.
Re-established a state of peace between Austria and Piedmont Sardinia.

Question 38

Q

In December 1859, ‘The Pope and Congress’ a pamphlet written on behalf of…

Answer

A

Napoleon was published.
- Suggested the Pope should loose control of the Legations.
- He seemed prepared to upset French Catholics but he gained support from GB.

Question 39

Q

(Central Italian States) December 1859, British Foreign Secretary… proposed the future of the Italian peninsula should be…
(CHANGED EVERYTHING)

Answer

A

Lord John Russell, should be decided through the application of the principle of self-determination.
- Most powerful nation at the time was now backing Italy.

Question 40

Q

(Central Italian States)
- Cavour returned as PM on ___ January 1860 and negotiated the Treaty of ______ with Napoleon, in which it was agreed…

Answer

A

21st January 1860, negotiated the Treaty of Turin, in which it was agreed that Savoy and Nice would be handed over to France (subject to the plebiscite).
If Napoleon would agree with the Piedmontese annexation of the CD (joining together).

Question 41

Q

(Central Italian States) Cavour convinced Napoleon of…

Answer

A

Central Duchy annexation, by using a series of plebiscites (elections) to prove that joining Piedmont was popular in the Duchies.
- He used the war + propaganda to drum up nationalist feeling in the Duchies. NS too.

Question 42

Q

(Central Italian States)
- Emilia (…) had declared themselves as united under the leadership of…
- Voted _______ to _______ in favour of annexation by Piedmont…

Answer

A

Emilia - Parma, Romagna and Modena, under the leadership of Luigi Farnini.
426,000 to 1,506 in favour.

Question 43

Q

(Central Italian States) In Italian speaking Nice (G’s birth place), ________ voted in favour of joining France, whereas _____ were against. Napoleon had the vote…

Answer

A

24,448 voted in favour of joining France, 160 were against.
- Napoleon had the vote take place when the French army were passing through on their way home from Lombardy (intimidation).

Question 44

Q

Garibaldi, Background information/Early Life :
- Born as…
- Met Mazzini 18____…
- Joined YI in 18____…

Answer

A

Born as French citizen in Nice to his Italian parents, though of himself as Italian.
In 1831 met Mazzini in Marseilles (chance).
Joined Young Italy in 1833, became involved in Mazzini’s revolutionary plans in Piedmont, which went wrong and resulted in him getting sentenced to death (wore famous red shirts for the first time).

Question 45

Q

Garibaldi (1848-49)
- On his return to Italy, he established a…
- Street songs…
- Returned with ____ of his men…
- Joined the revolutionary government…

Answer

A

Near religious adoration from ordinary people.
~ Street songs, ballads and popular prints along the time show him as semi-divine.
~ Returned with 60 of his men, offered his services to CA but was refused due to the King not trusting him.
~ Joined the revolutionary government of Milan (Lombardy), but once CA lost at Custoza, most legionaries deserted.

Question 46

Q

An Austrian general remarked “…” (about Garibaldi)…

Answer

A

“The one man who could have helped Piedmont win the 1848 war was the one man they turned their backs on”.

Question 47

Q

(Garibaldi’s role in the Roman Republic)
- The RR was declared in…
- G arrived just as the…
- End came…
- At beginning of ______…
- He appeared before…

Answer

A

February 1849, after the Pope fled the city.
~ Garibaldi arrived just as the city prepared to defend itself from the French.
~ End came quickly as they were outnumbered.
~ At beginning of July, republic fell.
~ He appeared before the assembly with his word so bent from fighting that it wouldn’t fit into his scabbard.

Question 48

Q

(Garibaldi, The March to the Coast)
- He appealed to a crowd in the piazza of St. Peter. “…”
- ________ men volunteered.
- After _____km, only _______ men reached the coast…
- G then fled to…

Answer

A

“I offer hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death”.
5,000 men volunteered and one of the epic tales of the Risorgimento began.
~ After 800km, only 1,500 men reached the coast. Even Garibaldi’s wife (Anita) died.
~ Garibaldi then fled to North America.

Question 49

Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1850-61),
- In exile he inherited some money from his brother and used this to…
- After Plombieres Cavour invited Garibaldi to discuss…

Answer

A

Used the money to buy half an island off the coast of Sardinia.
~ Cavour invited him to discuss his plans to force war upon Austria, Garibaldi offered to train and recruit volunteers. Now firmly behind Piedmontese King.

Question 50

Q

Garibaldi’s role in the 1859 War with Austria :
- Played a key role in…
- Given command…

Answer

A

~ Played a key role in the fighting, VEII presented him with a gold medal for Valour (highest decoration in Piedmont).
~ Given command of 3,000 soldiers, their presence in the Piedmontese army offended the Austrians, helping raise tension.

Question 51

Q

Garibaldi, 1859 War, Tasked with advancing along the Alps, threatening the Austrian right flank :
- Austrian General Urban attacked…
- Austrians were unable…
- (Although this…)

Answer

A

~ Austrian General Urban attacked on the 26th May (Battle of Varese). Part of army failed to reach battlefield so attack was repulsed. G then launched a counterattack and forced the Austrians into a retreat. G also captured a lightly defended pass near Como.
~ Austrians were unable to dislodge Garibaldi, and retreated. G occupied the town and used his position at Lake Como to pressure the Austrian right flank.
(Although this Alpine Campaign had little impact on the outcome of war, it demonstrated that G was capable of beating high quality troops + kept Austrians busy).

Question 52

Q

As part of the agreement with Napoleon, Nice and Savoy were to be…
- Bitter blow to…
- G referred to Cavour…

Answer

A

Ceded to France.
~ Bitter blow to Garibaldi as Nice was his city of Birth.
~ Garibaldi referred to Cavour as a ‘low intriguer’.

Question 53

Q

Garibaldi was preparing to march with his volunteers to defend Nice from the French but Mazzini…
- Gathered _________ volunteers, and in 18___set sail with..
- He left in the name of…

Answer

A

Urged Garibaldi to take his men to Sicily to help the YI volunteers there.
~ Gathered 1,200 volunteers and in May 1860 set sail with ‘The Thousand’.
~ He left in the name of “Italy and Victor Emmanuel”.

Question 54

Q

Cavour’s opinion on Garibaldi’s expedition to Sicily :
- Was uncertain whether…
- Refused…
- Some report suggest he even…

Answer

A

He was uncertain whether he wanted it to succeed since in his opinion the South was too poor and backward for P. to takeover.
Refused G’s request for arm&equipment and made it clear G didn’t have official P. backing.
Some reports suggest he even tried to arrest G but was too late.
(G HAD IMMENSE PUBLIC SUPPORT, MIGHT HAVE SET UP A REPUBLIC).

Question 55

Q

(Success in Sicily) Reached Marsala on ___th May 1860, lucky that he arrived alongside…
- The Thousand now numbered _________, at Palermo __________ enemy troops were waiting however G soon won.

Answer

A

Reached Marsala on the 11th May 1860, alongside some British naval ships so wasn’t attacked (Brits likely planned this).
- ‘Thousand’ now had 3,000 troops, at Palermo there were 20,000 enemy troops.

Question 56

Q

(Success in Sicily, Good G) What tactics did Garibaldi use?
- Utilised the local…
- Circulated…
- Told peasants…
- Then changed sides…
- Exploited…

Answer

A

Utilised the local MAFIA, who a Sicilian said were waiting for an opportunity of anarchy in order to steal or kill their rivals.
Circulated propaganda saying he was a SAINT come from God to redeem the poor from their misery.
Told PEASANTS to take up any weapons they could find, kill policemen etc.- Revolt of the peasants. Promised land redistribution.
Then changed sides and won the support of LANDOWNERS, who found G a better ally than the Bourbons/
EXPLOITED Sicilian resentment against Neapolitan rule, but introduced Piedmontese laws and prepared the way for annexation.

Question 57

Q

Garibaldi Governing Sicily :
- Appointed himself…
- Abolished … and promised…
- Changed sides from…
- Refused to hand over..
- Cavour was now…

Answer

A

Appointed himself Dictator.
Abolished milling taxes + promised land distribution.
Changed sides from peasants to landlords because he wanted stability to launch an attack on the mainland.
Refused to hand over Sicily to VE as he thought he would loose the power to attack Naples
Cavour was now worried that G wanted the acclaim for Piedmont.

Question 58

Q

(Cavour trying to stop Garibaldi)
- Cavour was worried that Garibaldi would attempt to… so he sent Admiral Persano to try and arrange a…
- He even secretly tried to organise a….

Answer

A

G would attempt to take Naples and move Northwards so he sent Admiral Persano to try and arrange a revolution in Naples in favour of VEII but this failed.
Tried to secretly organise a pact with the Bourbons to join together to fight Garibaldi, this also failed even though G was outnumbered.

Question 59

Q

Garibaldi taking Naples :
- _____ fled and G arrived…
- Ruled as…

Answer

A

The King fled Naples and Garibaldi arrived on train in Early September.
- Ruled as dictator for two months unable to advance north due to a Neapolitan stronghold. His plan was to move to the Papal States and then to Rome.

Question 60

Q

How did Garibaldi manage to take Naples?

Answer

A

There was a loss of confidence in the monarchy&royal army after the fall of Sicily.
Austria was no longer as big of a threat after they were defeated by the French in 1859, meant Garibaldi had more freedom.
The British POV was that if Garibaldi succeeded in occupying Naples then he must have popular support. British Mediterranean fleet ensured that no-one interfered with Garibaldi’s vessels (FOREIGN POWERS/INTERVENTION).
His own charisma as well.

Question 61

Q

Cavour feared an attack on Rome would lead to difficulties with… Napoleon III was already upset as… If the Pope was… G’s army was now _________ strong…

Answer

A

France, Napoleon III was already upset as G had landed a small force in the Papal States 2 months earlier.
- If the Pope was threatened, then Catholic Europe would come to his defence.
- G’s army was now 60,000 strong, many of whom were Mazzinian and opposed the Church.

Question 62

Q

A force of _________ republicans led by Bersanti were on the borders of the Papal States waiting for Garibaldi, Cavour feared that…

Answer

A

Force of 9,000 Republicans.
- Cavour feared that power could slip away from Piedmont and VEII.
- Cavour’s most pressing issue was to stop an attack on Rome, only way to do this was to sent an army from Piedmont through the PS.
- Army led by VEII, shooting anyone who resisted them as traitors.

Question 63

Q

On the ___th October 1960 VEII and Garibaldi met, G had no intention of causing problems, saluted…

Answer

A

26th October 1960, Saluted VEII as the ‘First King of Italy’ and agreed to hand the South over to him.

Question 64

Q

In October and November 18___, Plebiscites soon followed in… there was an overwhelming wish for…

Answer

A

Plebiscites in Sicily, Naples, Umbria and the Papal Marches.
- There was an overwhelming wish for annexation to Piedmont.

Answer 65

A

7th November VEII & G rode together in triumphal entry into Naples.
- Garibaldi held plebiscites for the annexation of the South to Piedmont, overwhelmingly one sided.
- G was offered title of Major General, a large pension and even a castle but refused them all as he felt the red shirts were being treated badly. Retired to Caprera with a year’s supply of Macaroni.

Answer 66

A

A strong Italy could shift the balance of power in Europe especially as they were friends with a Bonaparte.
- British opposed handing over of Nice and Savoy to France.

Answer 67

A

Russia broke diplomatic ties with Italy over the unseating of the Bourbons in Naples.
Austria reinforced its army in Venetia.

Answer 68

A

Full backing to the newly unified Italy as they saw it as the will of the people.
- This effectively stopped any other country attacking the ne state.

Answer 69

A

January 1861, elections held for the new parliament.
March 1861, a new constitution was adopted.
Victor Emmanuel II was now the new King of the Kingdom of Italy.

Answer 70

A

Political life.
- As far as they were concerned, his job was done.
- All but Rome & Venetia had been united and the constitution of Piedmont was adapted for the whole of Italy.
- Garibaldi, however, had his eyes fixed firmly on Rome.

Answer 71

A

Not ready for unification, not fitter for the responsibility of governing Italy.
He forced the pace in 1860, which killed the spirit of the risorgimento in Italy.

Answer 72

A

He and his men came from the North, had little understanding or sympathy for the impoverished South.
If he had not been so anxious to move North as quickly as possible, more might have been done for the peasants, as in Sicily (supported landlords).
Opportunity missed to win popular support through agrarian reform.
G had a limited understanding of politics, meant he was unaware of the effect of his actions.

Answer 73

A

Populist slogans G used during his campaign generated demands for reform that Cavour had wanted to avoid.
G had promised land redistribution, instead of waiting for this peasants were roused and occupied land on their accord, made Southern notables hostile towards new state.

Answer 74

A

By forcing Piedmont to occupy the Papal States in order to prevent G marching on Rome, he created a rift between the Vatican and the Kingdom of Italy.
Led to the Pope refusing to recognise the new Kingdom.
Catholicism was one of the few things that most Italians had in common, this rift made it impossible to unite the country around religion.

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Italy, Booklet 3, The Creation of the Kingdom of Italy Flashcards

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