Italy, Booklet 3, The Creation of the Kingdom of Italy Flashcards

Question

(Battle of Magenta, ___th June 1859) Outcome : - Not a single... - Pushed...

Answer 1

4th June, 1859, French victory. - Not a single Piedmontese lost their life, slightly embarassing. - Pushed Austria away from Piedmont and freed part of Lombardy.

Answer 2

- 4th June 1859 IN : Combined force, Garibaldi became a hero. RWF : Good, worked together well. Bad, French seemed to sacrifice the most.

Answer 3

- 21st-24th June. - Forced Austrians back. - Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and Napleon III signed an armistice without consulting the Sardinian allies. On the 11th July 1859.

Answer 4

~ Franz Joseph himself took control of army. ~Eventually Austrians driven back into the Quadrilaterals. ~ Allies had 17,000 casualties, Austrians 21,000. ~ Emperor defeated in battle and faced the prospect of a revolution in Hungary, signed…

Answer 5

Strong supporter of Italian Unity and became the leader of the Tuscan government in 1859. ~ Arranged the annexation of Tuscany to the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont).

Answer 6

Central Duchies at the time of the 1859 war. ~ Trying to encourage pro-Piedmontese uprisings.

Answer 7

- May 1859, organised peaceful revolutions Modena and Parma, the rulers fled leaving provisional governments in control. ~ Pro-Piedmontese Government.

Answer 8

June 1859 : - The Duke of Modena and Duchess-Regent of Parma fled their provinces. - Replaced by a government led by Luigi Farini, close to Piedmont. - All major gov decisions approved in Turin, making this area almost a Piedmontese colony.

Answer 9

1). New + more accurate weaponry (e.g. breechloader rifle) and the huge armies. 2). Only 1 doctor per 500 casualties on the allied side. 3). France didn't think Piedmont could maintain the conflict for much longer, lack of equipment + expertise. 4). Austria had retreated to the 'Quadrilateral', a series of fortresses on boarders of Venetia. Defeating them would be lengthy and expensive. 5). Cavour seemed increasingly interested in the CD, beyond the Plombieres agreement. Nap also believed PS were under threat (French Catholics would not support and GB would become wary if Piedmont got too big). 6) 24th June 1859, Prussian army mobilised on the banks of Rhine (French boarder, warning?)

Answer 10

11th July 1859, between Napoloeon III and Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, at Villafranca. - Piedmont was excluded from the talks. - Cavour resigned following this.

Answer 11

1). Austria gave Lombardy to France, who might choose to give it to Piedmont in due course (humiliating for Italy). 2). Venetia to remain in Austrian hands. 3). Piedmont not to be given control of Modena/Parma, rulers who were forced to flee, were to be restored 4). Piedmont forbidden to annex Mantua & Peschiera in Lombardy which were quadilateral forts. 5). An Italian confederation was to be set up, as agreed in Plombieres, with the Pope as head. 6). France wouldn't take Nice and Savoy, since terms of Plombieres were not fully filled.

Answer 12

10th November 1859x, between Napoleon III and Franz Josef.

Answer 13

- 10th November 1859. - Agreement was a reaffirment of the terms of the preliminary peace of Villafranca, brought the Franco-Austrian war to an official close. - Rulers of the central Italian duchies were to be restored. - Re-established a state of peace between Austria and Piedmont Sardinia.

Answer 14

- December 1859, 'The Pope and the Congress' was a pamohlet written on behalf of Napoleon was published. - Suggested the Pope should lose control of the Legations. - He seemed prepared to upset French Catholics but he gained support from GB.

Answer 15

- December 1859, Lord John Russell, proposed that the future of the Italian peninsula should be decided through the application of the principle of self-determination. - Most powerful nation at the time was now backing Italy.

Answer 16

- 21st January 1860, negotiated the Treaty of Turin, in which it was agreed that Savoy and Nice would be handed over to France (subject to the plebiscite). - If Napoleon would agree with the Piedmontese annexation of the CD (joining together).

Answer 17

Cavour convince Napoleon of Central Duchy annexation by using a series of plebiscites (elections) to prove that joining Piedmont was popular in the Duchies. - He used the war + propaganda to drum up nationalist feeling in the Duchies. NS too.

Answer 18

- Emilia had declared themselves united under the leadership of Luigi Farnini a month earlier. - 426,000 to 1,506 in favour of annexation to Piedmont.

Answer 19

24,448 voted in favour of joining France, 160 were against. - Napoleon had the vote take place when the French army were passing through on their way home from Lombardy (intimidation).

Answer 20

- Born as French citizen in Nice to his Italian parents, though of himself as Italian. - In 1831 met Mazzini in Marseilles (chance). - Joined Young Italy in 1833, became involved in Mazzini's revolutionary plans in Piedmont, which went wrong and resulted in him getting sentenced to death (wore famous red shirts for the first time).

Answer 21

- Near religious adoration from ordinary people. ~ Street songs, ballads and popular prints along the time show him as semi-divine. ~ Returned with 60 of his men, offered his services to CA but was refused due to the King not trusting him. ~ Joined the revolutionary government of Milan (Lombardy), but once CA lost at Custoza, most legionaries deserted.

Answer 22

“The one man who could have helped Piedmont win the 1848 war was the one man they turned their backs on”.

Answer 23

- Roman Republic declared in February 1849, after the Pope fled the city. - Garibaldi arrived just as the city prepared to defend itself from the French. - End came quickly as they were outnumbered. - At beginning of July, republic fell. - He appeared before the assembly with his sword so bent from fighting that it wouldn’t fit into his scabbard.

Answer 24

- “I offer hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death”. - 5,000 men volunteered and one of the epic tales of the Risorgimento began. ~ After 800km, only 1,500 men reached the coast. Even Garibaldi’s wife (Anita) died. ~ Garibaldi then fled to North America.

Answer 25

- Used the money to buy half an island off the coast of Sardinia. ~ Cavour invited him to discuss his plans to force war upon Austria, Garibaldi offered to train and recruit volunteers. Now firmly behind Piedmontese King.

Answer 26

- Played a key role in the fighting, VEII presented him with a gold medal for Valour (highest decoration in Piedmont). - Given command of 3,000 soldiers, their presence in the Piedmontese army offended the Austrians, helping raise tension. - He was tasked with advancing along the Alps, threatening the Austria right flank. - Manages to make Austria retreat from Como instead of defending it. - Although it had little impact on outcome of war, it did demonstrate that Garibaldi was capable of beating high quality troops.

Answer 27

Ceded to France. ~ Bitter blow to Garibaldi as Nice was his city of Birth. ~ Garibaldi referred to Cavour as a ‘low intriguer’.

Answer 28

- Garibaldi was preparing to march with his volunteers to defend nice from the french but Mazzini urged Garibaldi to take his men to Sicily to help the YI volunteers there. ~ Gathered 1,200 volunteers and in May 1860 set sail with ‘The Thousand’. ~ He left in the name of “Italy and Victor Emmanuel”.

Answer 29

- He was uncertain whether he wanted it to succeed since in his opinion the South was too poor and backward for P. to takeover. - Refused G's request for arm&equipment and made it clear G didn't have official P. backing. - Some reports suggest he even tried to arrest G but was too late. (G HAD IMMENSE PUBLIC SUPPORT, MIGHT HAVE SET UP A REPUBLIC).

Answer 30

- Reached Marsala on the 11th May 1860, alongside some British naval ships so wasn't attacked (Brits likely planned this). - 'Thousand' now had 3,000 troops, at Palermo there were 20,000 enemy troops however Garibaldi soon won and the enemy retreated to Naples. - He was helped by maurauding peasants, bandits and local mafia.

Answer 31

- Utilised the local MAFIA, who a Sicilian said were waiting for an opportunity of anarchy in order to steal or kill their rivals. - Circulated propaganda saying he was a SAINT come from God to redeem the poor from their misery. - Told PEASANTS to take up any weapons they could find, kill policemen etc.- Revolt of the peasants. Promised land redistribution. - Then changed sides and won the support of LANDOWNERS, who found G a better ally than the Bourbons/ - EXPLOITED Sicilian resentment against Neapolitan rule, but introduced Piedmontese laws and prepared the way for annexation.

Answer 32

- Appointed himself Dictator. - Abolished milling taxes + promised land distribution. - Changed sides from peasants to landlords because he wanted stability to launch an attack on the mainland. - Refused to hand over Sicily to VE as he thought he would loose the power to attack Naples - Cavour was now worried that G wanted the acclaim for Piedmont.

Answer 33

- G would attempt to take Naples and move Northwards so he sent Admiral Persano to try and arrange a revolution in Naples in favour of VEII but this failed as G was too quick and crossed the straits to Calabria on 22nd August. - Tried to secretly organise a pact with the Bourbons to join together to fight Garibaldi, this also failed even though G was outnumbered.

Answer 34

The King fled Naples and Garibaldi arrived on train in Early September. - Ruled as dictator for two months unable to advance north due to a Neapolitan stronghold. His plan was to move to the Papal States and then to Rome.

Answer 35

- There was a loss of confidence in the monarchy&royal army after the fall of Sicily. - Austria was no longer as big of a threat after they were defeated by the French in 1859, meant Garibaldi had more freedom. - The British POV was that if Garibaldi succeeded in occupying Naples then he must have popular support. British Mediterranean fleet ensured that no-one interfered with Garibaldi's vessels (FOREIGN POWERS/INTERVENTION). - His own charisma as well.

Answer 36

- Cavour feared an attack on Rome would leadn to difficulties with France, Napoleon III was already upset as G had landed a small force in the Papal States 2 months earlier. - If the Pope was threatened, then Catholic Europe would come to his defence. - G's army was now 60,000 strong, many of whom were Mazzinian and opposed the Church.

Answer 37

- Force of 9,000 Republicans led by Bersanti were on the borders of the Papal States waiting for G. - Cavour feared that power could slip away from Piedmont and VEII. - Cavour's most pressing issue was to stop an attack on Rome, only way to do this was to sent an army from Piedmont through the PS. - Army led by VEII, shooting anyone who resisted them as traitors.

Answer 38

26th October 1960, VEII and Garibaldi met, G had no intention of causing problems, saluted VEII as the 'First King of Italy' and agreed to hand the South over to him.

Answer 39

1860, Plebiscites in Sicily, Naples, Umbria and the Papal Marches. - There was an overwhelming wish for annexation to Piedmont.

Answer 40

- 7th November VEII & G rode together in triumphal entry into Naples. - Garibaldi held plebiscites for the annexation of the South to Piedmont, overwhelmingly one sided. - G was offered title of Major General, a large pension and even a castle but refused them all as he felt the red shirts were being treated badly. - Retired to Caprera with a year's supply of Macaroni.

Answer 41

A strong Italy could shift the balance of power in Europe especially as they were friends with a Bonaparte. - British opposed handing over of Nice and Savoy to France.

Answer 42

- Russia broke diplomatic ties with Italy over the unseating of the Bourbons in Naples. - Austria reinforced its army in Venetia.

Answer 43

Full backing to the newly unified Italy as they saw it as the will of the people. - This effectively stopped any other country attacking the ne state.

Answer 44

- January 1861, elections held for the new parliament. - March 1861, a new constitution was adopted. - Victor Emmanuel II was now the new King of the Kingdom of Italy.

Answer 45

Political life. - As far as they were concerned, his job was done. - All but Rome & Venetia had been united and the constitution of Piedmont was adapted for the whole of Italy. - Garibaldi, however, had his eyes fixed firmly on Rome.

Answer 46

- Not ready for unification, not fitter for the responsibility of governing Italy. - He forced the pace in 1860, which killed the spirit of the risorgimento in Italy.

Answer 47

- He and his men came from the North, had little understanding or sympathy for the impoverished South. - If he had not been so anxious to move North as quickly as possible, more might have been done for the peasants, as in Sicily (supported landlords). - Opportunity missed to win popular support through agrarian reform. - G had a limited understanding of politics, meant he was unaware of the effect of his actions.

Answer 48

- Populist slogans G used during his campaign generated demands for reform that Cavour had wanted to avoid. - G had promised land redistribution, instead of waiting for this peasants were roused and occupied land on their accord, made Southern notables hostile towards new state.

Answer 49

- By forcing Piedmont to occupy the Papal States in order to prevent G marching on Rome, he created a rift between the Vatican and the Kingdom of Italy. - Led to the Pope refusing to recognise the new Kingdom. - Catholicism was one of the few things that most Italians had in common, this rift made it impossible to unite the country around religion.