Italy, Booklet 2, The Rise of Piedmont Flashcards

Question

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, a sympathetic monarch) - He didn't wish to see the... - He may have been annoyed at...

Answer 1

- The Catholic Church (reactionary) holding influence in Piedmont. - May have been annoyed at Pope due to him being the reason his fathers troops left.

Answer 2

- Allowd Statuto to stand in Piedmont but retained the right to command the army and appoint and dismiss ministers at will.

Answer 3

Shell Genoa where radicals (Mazzinians) were entrenched. (May of made Nationalists fear him and his ideas).

Answer 4

- 1849, he was in a weak position because he only have a small parliamentary majority. ~ His first major policy challenged the power of the church. (upset with church in 1848 due to CA + reactionary nature of Church doctrine challenged principles of the Statuto).

Answer 5

- March 1850. ~ Separate law courts for priests were abolished. ~ Right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches was abolished. ~ Numbers of feast days where people couldn’t work were reduced. (took away power of church, promoted KVE).

Answer 6

- Concordat. ~ These laws showed the determination of Piedmont to modernise. - When Piedmontese Archbishop Fransoni ignored the measures, he was imprisoned. - (Highlights power of Piedmont).

Answer 7

- Divided Piedmontese, e.g. conservative right led by Balbo and Thaon de Revel voted against the laws. - Tried to appease right by proposing some reduction in press reform. He had upset to Pope too. - Minister for Trade and Agriculture, Count Camilla Cavour decided that the time was right to reorganise Piedmontese politics. (Opportunistic, takes advantage of crumbling government).

Answer 8

- 1851-52, with leader of the centre-left Urbano Ratazzi. - Created an alliance called CONNUBIO, strengthened Parliament against the crown. - D’Azeglio’s ministry fell when he tried to move to next stage of anti-clerical measures & introduce civil marriage in 1852. - In November 1852 he asked Victor Emmanuel II to make him Prime Minister which he accepted.

Answer 9

~ Reducing power of church (which was reactionary). ~ Highlighted strength of Piedmont, showed they could help towards unification (bold move). ~ Gave more power to the King, who disliked the church/could potentially support unification in the future.

Answer 10

~ An opportunist, took advantage of crumbling government. ~ Has an aim and knows how to clearly execute his plan. ~ Good politician. ~ Gets on/civil with the King. ~ Pragmatic. ~ Unpredictable, sly, 🐍, untrustworthy, (good for politicians).

Answer 11

- 1855, attacked the value of the wealth of the Church and their estate. ~ 152 monasteries & 1,700 benefices were suppressed (reduced influence of church). ~ Added £145,640 to the states income (could be invested in industry).

Answer 12

- In 1857, the right, who had symoathy for the church, increased their votes in the elections, so, to create more stability Cavour sacked Ratazzi and ended the Connubio. - He also had to change his attitude to the Church in order to stop challenges to the government, creating stability.

Answer 13

- February 1853, had to deal with a Mazzinian-inspired insurrection in Austrian-controlled Milan. ~ He warned Austria of the impending uprising and reviewed thanks from Vienna. (wants people to think he’s trust-worthy + stable). ~ Austrians seized property or Citizens of Lombardy who then fled to Piedmont.

Answer 14

- Mazzini which failed. ~ Cavour was furious and used the failures as proof of the unlikelihood of political change being influenced by Mazzini. ~ Cavour went further by persecuting Mazzinian democrats and suppressed Mazzinian press.

Answer 15

- Happy to overrid parliament when it did not suit his purpose. - e.g. 1855 he appointed himself to the three main posts in administration : Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and Finance Minister. - Ensured government remained stable and followed a consistent path towards modernisation.

Answer 16

~ Liberal methods, e.g. introduced administrative reforms in the Financial department in 1852 and in the Foreign office in the year after. ~ Used La Marmora (Minister of War) to reform the army, to increase efficienty and remove conservative elements hostile to Cavour.

Answer 17

1853, Turin to Paris. - Allows for quick communication, military support in the future.

Answer 18

1857 with the construction of the Cavour Canal, which boosted the construction industry. (created jobs so then taxes could be charged, invested back into industry).

Answer 19

- 1840's, the Piedmontese textile industry thrived. - There were 60,000 silk workers and 114,000 cotton workers in Piedmont in 1844. (wealth was being created).

Answer 20

- Trade increased 300%. - Result of government driven growth was debt. - Public debt rose from 120 mill Lire in 1847 to 725 mill Lire in 1859.

Answer 21

- "The Sicilia" in Genoa in 1855. - Port of Genoa was also modernised. (makes Piedmont look modern/prosperous. Help with trade/soldiers).

Answer 22

- Main area of development was the railway, Cavour was obsessed with the potential. - Visited Britain in 1835 to watch the construction of 'Stephenson'. - 1846, Wrote an article for Revue Nouvelle, attempted to persuade CA of their benefits, argued about job creation, national consciousness + identification of Piedmont as the leading Italian state.

Answer 23

Had 819km of railway by the end of the 1850's (had 1/3 of the whole peninsulas).

Answer 24

1854, linked Milan, Turin and Genoa and the French boarder. (linking people together).

Answer 25

- Britain (most powerful at the time), France and Belgium. - Dual purpose of forging international links with the more advanced Western states and of attracting into Piedmont the raw materials and machinery necessary to its development.

Answer 26

1854 line linking Milan, Turin and Genoa and the French boarder was largely funded by the French Banker Rothschild.

Answer 27

- Tunnel through Mount Cenis was being built from 1857. - Rothschild and Laffitte. - This helped increase security as now the French had invested in Italy, they would encourage Napoleon to protect their investments if necessary.

Answer 28

- Joining parts of Italy together, communication will be easier and so will the movement pf troops. - Improving international relations so hopefully he'll be able to ask GB + France for aid, would increase likelihood of success. - Makes it clear Piedmont is the leading state to expel Austria from Lombardy + Venice. - Hopefully will ensure French protection due to French investments. - Got rid of embarrassing elements (Mazzinian ideas).

Answer 29

Return, or move to Piedmont. - Meant that there was an increasing number of people advocating change and led to the formation of the National Society in 1857.

Answer 30

- Role of Victor Emmanuel II ('sympathetic monarch', allowed Statuto). - D'Azeglio + Siccardi introduced the Siccardi laws (challenged Pope's power). - CA may have inspired his son. - The French investors.

Answer 31

- Cavour's most important contribution to the 'Italian Question' was that he placed it firmly in the context of European diplomacy. - It was only through the Great Power agreement that any change would occur.

Answer 32

- Italian nationalist but, he disliked Austrian attitudes to Lombardy and felt they provoked Italian nationalists into revolutionary behaviour. - Piedmont’s foreign policy remained anti-Austrian. - He also knew they’d need foreign help and this became a cornerstone of his foreign policy.

Answer 33

- Statuto, foreign policy remained the prerogative of the crown (up to VEII). - Cavour therefore as PM had to power to promote Piedmont’s interests and undermine the Vienna Settlement.

Answer 34

- 1815-48, the Austrians, led by Metternich had been determined to stamp out all nationalism and preserve their conservative aims.

Answer 35

- It was Austria's relatice decline that made political change possible in Italy. - This decline was based on economic challenges from Prussia and the growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein (a free trade agreement which challenged Austria's dominance of the German confederation). - Austria tried to establish a Southern confederation hut most Southern states such had already joined the Zollverein. - Austria was slowly becoming increasingly isolated in the Germanic Confederation.

Answer 36

- 1854, Cavour got Piedmont involved in the CW. ~ Believed that VEII promoted Piedmonts involvement and that he threatened to sack Cavour and replace him with Thaon da Revel if he failed to involve Piedmont. (VEII being a dominant force).

Answer 37

- By 1854 Britain and France had declared war on Russia with Austria neutral. - Russia became angry at Austria for signing the Four Points Agreement with GB and France - For Austria to have fallen out with Russia was to Piedmont’s benefit.

Answer 38

- As war dragged into 1855, GB asked Piedmont for reinforcement. - Reluctant Cavour sent 18,000 troops, 2,000 died. - Piedmont's contribution was limited. - Subsequently, Piedmont would be allowed to the Peace Treaty at the end.

Answer 39

- Piedmont won the admiration and gratitude of the allies. - In December 1855, Austria threatened to enter the war on the side of the allies and Russia immediately sued for peace.

Answer 40

- 1856, Peace Treaty in Paris. - Neither Britain or France would upset Austria by discussing Piedmont’s desires in another Italy. CAVOUR ACHIEVED : --- His attendance showed Piedmont's growing diplomatic status. --- The Italian question was the main point of discussion on the 8th April. --- British and French now GRATEFUL to Piedmont and 'owed em one'. (Diplomatic links and investment meant Piedmont & Italy's interests were entwined).

Answer 41

- Piedmontese involvement was an important diplomatic turning point. - War marked an end to the Treaty of Vienna and was a watershed in Austrian power. - Austria was not isolated diplomatically and had lost its great ally (Russia). - Neither Britain or France would be sympathetic to Austria maintaining its control over Northern Europe in the medium term.