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HISTORY ITALY > Italy, Booklet 2, The Rise of Piedmont > Flashcards

Italy, Booklet 2, The Rise of Piedmont Flashcards

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1
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Beginning of the end of republicanism ) YES : Mazzini’s ideas failed to reach out to the…

A

Peasants, his plan for an Italy with one central government and locally elected authorities limited his appeal to certain classes since he failed to involve ordinary people’s lives.
- Church controlled them instead.

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2
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time?, Beginning of the end of republicanism) YES : His ideas were…

A

Too intellectual for most people to grasp which meant that his people could not support him as they couldn’t understand his beliefs.
- Many couldn’t read, so wouldn’t be able to understand the complex lang used,

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3
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Beginning of the end of Republicanism) YES/NO : Mazzini’s reputation was fatally wounded…

A

By republicanisms failure in 1848 and it was no longer a serious prospect.
- Now, the only surviving possibility, for leading Italy, was Piedmont’s monarch.
(before revs, all revolts were separate, now there was only one option if they wanted unity, PIEDMONT, constitutional monarchy).

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4
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Austrian Control) NO : Charles Albert’s legacy was important for Italy as…

A

In the short term it was a blow for Italy yet showed them that while Austria remained so powerful there was no way to achieve unity without outside help.
(FUTURE leaders could now learn this lesson).

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5
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Austrian Control) YES : After the failure, Austria’s military dominance was…

A

As strong as ever.
- The Venetian Republic came under tight Austrian control, the constitutions in most states had been suppressed and revolutionary spirit in most areas had been destroyed.
- Sicily, Neapolitan rule was re-established, 2 Sicilies forcibly reunited. NONE of the states that had gained nationalist/liberal independence retained it for long

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6
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Austrian Control) NO : You could argue increased Austrian strength meant…

A

Increased Italian repression, which will have made people angry and want to fight back.

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7
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Austrian Control) NO : Charles Albert’s main legacy was the…

A

‘Statuto’, the one tangible result in Italy of the 1848 Revolutions.

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8
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? The Pope) YES : In 184__, the Pope…

A

1849, excommunicated all who tried to reduce the temporal power of the papacy and in 1850 he returned to Rome and denounced all of his earlier reforms.
- Priests stopped ideas of Nationalism from spreading.

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9
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? The Pope) YES : He was now supported by…

A

20,000 French troops in Rome.
ITALY HAD ANOTHER FOREIGN POWER NOW ENTRENCHED IN HER TERRITORY.

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10
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Piedmont) NO : Victor Emmanuel II…

A

Succeeded his father in March 1849.
- Piedmont retained its territorial integrity and its freedom from Austrian occupation.
(May have been angry at what Pope did to his father).

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11
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Piedmont) NO : The Statuto…

A

Remained in force and despite its limitations gave the opportunity for an active political life in Piedmont, this didn’t exist elsewhere in Italy.

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12
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Piedmont) NO: Victor Emmanuel II also retained…

A

Direct control of the army and the right to appoint and dismiss minsters at will.
- Nationalists now turned their attentions away from Pius IX and towards the Piedmontese monarch.

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13
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Piedmont) NO : With a reasonably free… ________ in Turin and Genoa…

A

Press, legal equality and some civil liberty, Piedmont attracted political refugees from the rest of Italy during the 1850’s.
- 30,000 in Turin and Genoa.

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14
Q

(Were the 1848 Revolutions a waste of time? Piedmont) YES : There was little background to justify nationalist hopes for…

A

Victor Emmanuel II.
- He had been trained to become an autocratic ruler and his mother and wife were both part of the Austrian imperial family.

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15
Q

(Successes and Failures of Mazzini in the 1850’s) Legacy of the Roman Republic :

A
  • Created a legend of heroic but worthwhile failure in direct action against perceived oppression.
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16
Q

(Successes and Failures of Mazzini in the 1850’s) Exile in London, 1849-51 :

A
  • Honoured as hero upon return.
  • Set up Friends of Italy in 1851, attracted widespread support from a sizeable group of radical sympathisers.
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17
Q

(Successes and Failures of Mazzini in the 1850’s) Milan, February 1853 :

A
  • Failure of an uprising in Milan, seriously damaged his reputation.
  • Example of the weakness in Mazzini’s cause and tactics.
  • As a result, 50 revolutionaries were shot. by Austrians.
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18
Q

(Successes and Failures of Mazzini in the 1850’s) Sapri, 1857 :

A
  • Pisacane’s expedition.
  • Seized a small ship ‘Cagliari’, upon arrival were met with Neapolitan forces.
  • Pisacane was wounded and sensing hopelessness, killed himself.
  • All of these failures led to people concluding that revolution in the name of democracy was not the best means of promoting the Nationalist cause.
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19
Q

(Successes and Failures of Mazzini in the 1850’s) Abandoned, 1854-55 :

A
  • Garibaldi distanced himself from Mazzini in 1854.
  • 1855, leader of Venetian republic Daniel Manin announced his conditional support for Piedmont.
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20
Q

(Successes and Failures of Mazzini in the 1850’s) National Society, 1857 :

A
  • Many Mazzinians were able ton join the NS after its foundation in 1857.
  • It was now clear that the ‘age of Mazzini’ was at an end.
  • This was a more practical approach than Nationalism and was centred in Piedmont.
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21
Q

Summary for Mazzini’s failures (4) :

A
  • Weak military force and strength meant people lost trust and hope in him.
  • Always out of the country in exile.
  • Numbers too small, didn’t appeal to the peasants.
  • Ideas too radical/complex for most.
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22
Q

4 Step Political Developments in Piedmont :

A
  • A sympathetic monarch.
  • A stable political system.
  • A strong economic system and foreign vested interest.
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23
Q

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, A sympathetic monarch) His mother and wife…

A

Were members of the Austrian imperial family and he was educated and trained to be an absolute monarch.

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24
Q

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, a sympathetic monarch) By 18__ he appointed…

A

Massimo Azeglio (Albertisit) as Prime Minister.
- He controlled a moderate conservative administration.

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25
Q

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, a sympathetic monarch) Contemporaries saw his rule as…

A

Ambitious in his political views.
- British saw him as a cautious Liberal while the Austrians saw him as a cautious conservative.

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26
Q

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, a sympathetic monarch) He didn’t wish to see…

A

The Catholic Church (reactionary) holding influence in Piedmont.
- May have been annoyed at Pope due to him being the reason his fathers troops left.

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27
Q

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, a sympathetic monarch) He allowed the Statuto to stand…

A

In Piedmont but retained the right to command the army and appoint and dismiss ministers at will.

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28
Q

(Political development in Piedmont, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, a sympathetic monarch) One of his first actions as King was to…

A

Shell Genoa where radicals (Mazzinians) were entrenched.
(May of made Nationalists fear him and his ideas).

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29
Q

(Political Developments in Piedmont : The Appointment of Cavour) When was Massimo d’Azeglio appointed prime minister?
- His first major policy challenged…

A

1849, he was in a weak position because he only have a small parliamentary majority.
~ His first major policy challenged the power of the church.
(upset with church in 1848 due to CA + reactionary nature of Church doctoring challenged the Statuto).

30
Q

(Failed administration of Azeglio) March 18___, Siccrardi Laws :
(introduced by Siccardi)

A
  • March 1850.
    ~ Separate law courts for priests were abolished.
    ~ Right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches was abolished.
    ~ Religious groups property rights were restricted.
    ~ Numbers of feast days where people couldn’t work were reduced.
    (took away power of church, promoted KVE).
31
Q

(Failed administration of Azeglio) In most areas the Siccardi laws were done in agreement with the church, called…

A

Concordat.
~ These laws showed the determination of Piedmont to modernise.
(highlights power of Piedmont).

32
Q

(Failed administration of Azeglio) When Piedmontese churchman Archbishop… ignored the Siccardi measures…

A

Archbishop Fransoni was imprisoned.

33
Q

(Failed administration of Azeglio) However the Siccardi laws divided Piedmontese politicians…

A

Conservative right led by Balbo vs Thaon de Revel voting against the laws.
~ Tried to appease right by proposing some reduction in press reform. He had upset to Pope too.

34
Q

(Failed administration of Azeglio) His Minister for Trade and Agriculture…

A

Count Camillo Cavour decided that the time was right to reorganise Piedmontese politics.
(Opportunist, takes advantage of crumbling government).

35
Q

(Political Developments in Piedmont : The Appointment of Cavour) At the turn of 18__-__, Cavour made a parliamentary agreement with…

A

1851-52, with leader of the centre-left Urbano Ratazzi. Created an alliance called CONNUBIO.
~ Strengthened Parliament against the crown.
~ D’Azeglio’s ministry fell when he tried to move to next stage of anti-clerical measures & introduce civil marriage in 1852.

36
Q

(Political Developments in Piedmont : The Appointment of Cavour) In …. Cavour asked…

A

November 1852 he asked Victor Emmanuel II to make him Prime Minister which he accepted.
~ Was to become the most influential figure in 19th century.

37
Q

(Cavour/d’Azeglio) Why would the actions of Piedmont give encouragement to Liberals and Nationalists across Italy? (3)

A

~ Reducing power of church (which was reactionary).
~ Highlighted strength of Piedmont, showed they could help towards unification (bold move).
~ Gave more power to the King, who disliked the church/could potentially support unification in the future.

38
Q

What can we learn about Cavour from the manner in which he came to power?

A

~ An opportunist, took advantage of crumbling government.
~ Has an aim and knows how to clearly execute his plan.
~ Good politician.
~ Gets on/civil with the King.
~ Pragmatic.
~ Unpredictable, sly, 🐍, untrustworthy, (good for politicians).

39
Q

(How did Cavour create Political Stability, Anti Clericalism)
- In 18___ he decided to attack the…
- In total _____ monasteries and _______ benefices…
- This added the equivalent of £_________ to the state’s income…

A

1855, attacked the value of the wealth of the Church and their estate.
~ 152 monasteries & 1,700 benefices were suppressed (reduced influence of church).
~ Added £145,640 to the states income (could be invested in insurers).

40
Q

(How did Cavour create Political Stability, Anti Clericalism) In 1857, the Right who had sympathy for the church…

A

Increased their votes in the elections, so to create more stability Cavour sacked Ratazzi (connubio) and ended the Connubio.

41
Q

(How did Cavour create Political Stability, Crushing the Radicals)
- In February 18___, Cavour had to deal with the diplomatic impact of a Mazzian-inspired…
- He warned…
- Austrians seized…

A
  • February 1853.
  • Insurrection in Austrian-controlled Milan.
    ~ He warned Austria of the impending uprising and reviewed thanks from Vienna.
    (wants people to think he’s trust-worthy + stable).
    ~ Austrians seized property or Citizens of Lombardy who then fled to Piedmont.
42
Q

(How did Cavour create Political Stability, Crushing the Radicals)
- A revolution in Genoa led by…
- Cavour was furious and used…
- Cavour went further by…

A

Mazzini which failed.
~ Cavour was furious and used the failures as proof of the unlikelihood of political change being influenced by Mazzini.
~ Cavour went further by persecuting Mazzinian democrats and suppressed Mazzinian press.

43
Q

(How did Cavour create Political Stability, Cavour’s actions in Government)
- Cavour was happy to override parliament…
- For example in January 18____, he appointed himself to…
- This ensured…

A
  • When it did not suit his purpose.
    ~ 1855 he appointed himself to the three main posts in administration : Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and Finance Minister.
  • (Ensured government remained stable and followed a consistent path towards modernisation).
44
Q

(How did Cavour create Political Stability, Crushing the Radicals) He created stability in Liberal methods e.g….
~ Administrative Financial… in _____.
~ Used La Marmora…

A

~ Administrative reforms in the financial department in 1852.
~ Used La Marmora (Minister of War) to reform the army, to increase efficient and remove conservative elements hostile to Cavour.

45
Q

(Commercial and Industrial growth) In 18___ the electric telegraph linked…

A

1853, Turin to Paris.
(quick communication, military support in the future?)

46
Q

(Commercial and Industrial growth) The building of canals began in…

A

1857 with the construction of the Cavour Canal, which boosted the construction industry.
(created jobs so then taxes could be charged, invested back into industry).

47
Q

(Commercial and Industrial growth)
- In the 18___’s the Piedmontese _________ industry thrived.
- There were _________silk and _________ cotton workers in Piedmont in 18___…

A
  • 1840’s, the Piedmontese textile industry thrived.
  • There were 60,000 silk workers and 114,000 cotton workers in Piedmont in
    1844.
    (wealth was being created).
48
Q

(Commercial and Industrial growth)
- Trade increased in Value by _____%
- However, public debt of Piedmont rose from _____ mill Lire in 184_ to _____ mill Lire in 185_…

A
  • Trade increased 300%.
  • Result of government driven growth was debt.
  • Public debt rose from 120 mill Lire in 1847 to 725 mill Lire in 1859.
49
Q

(Development of the infrastructure)
- Piedmont built Italy’s first steam ship “The _______” in Genoa in 18_____.
- The Port of…

A
  • “The Sicilia” in Genoa in 1855.
  • Port of Genoa was also modernised.
    (makes Piedmont look modern/prosperous. Help with trade/soldiers).
50
Q

(Development of the infrastructure)
- Main area of development was…
- Cavour had visited Britain 18___ to watch…
- In 18___ he wrote an article for Revue ________ where he attempted…

A
  • Main area of development was the railway, Cavour was obsessed with the potential.
  • Visited Britain in 1835 to watch the construction of ‘Stephenson’.
  • 1846, Wrote an article for Revue Nouvelle, attempted to persuade CA of their benefits, argued about job creation, national consciousness + identification of Piedmont as the leading Italian state.
51
Q

(Development of the infrastructure)
- Piedmont had _____km of railway by the end of the 19___’s (it had __/__ of all of Italy’s railways).

A

Had 819km of railway by the end of the 1850’s (had 1/3 of the whole peninsulas).

52
Q

(Development of the infrastructure) In 18___ a line was built to link…

A

1854, linked Milan, Turin and Genoa and the French boarder.
(linking people together).

53
Q

(Trade Agreements)
- Cavour had concluded that a string of free trade treaties, including…
- Dual purpose…

A

Britain (most powerful at the time), France and Belgium.
- Dual purpose of forging international links with the more advanced Western states and of attracting into Piedmont the raw materials and machinery necessary to its development.

54
Q

(Trade Agreements) Cavour encouraged the investment of foreign capital into Piedmont (majority French), for example the 18___ line linking (…) was largely funded by…

A

1854 line linking Milan, Turin and Genoa was largely funded by the French Banker Rothschild.

55
Q

(Trade Agreements)
- The tunnel through Mount ______ was being built from 18___, making a crossing through the alps.
- Financed by a number of Parisian based bankers including…

A

Tunnel through Mount Cenis was being built from 1857.
- Rothschild and Laffitte.
(helped increase security as now the French had invested in Italy, they would encourage Napoleon to protect their investments if necessary).

56
Q

How could Piedmont’s economic lead aid the unification process? (4)

A
  • Joining parts of Italy together, communication will be easier and so will the movement pf troops.
  • Improving international relations so hopefully he’ll be able to ask GB + France for aid, would increase likelihood of success.
  • Makes it clear Piedmont is the leading state to expel Austria from Lombardy + Venice.
  • Hopefully will ensure French protection due to French investments.
  • Got rid of embarrassing elements (Mazzinian ideas).
57
Q

(Cavour’s Economic Development) Political and economic modernisation encouraged Liberals and Nationalists to…

A

Return, or move to Piedmont.
- Meant that there was an increasing number of people advocating change and led to the formation of the National Society.

58
Q

Other factors responsible for the Modernisation of Piedmont (4) :

A
  • Role of Victor Emmanuel II (‘sympathetic monarch’, allowed Statuto).
  • D’Azeglio + Siccardi introduced the Siccardi laws (challenged Pope’s power).
  • CA may have inspired his son.
  • The French investors.
59
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, Cavour’s Inherited Position and Priorities) Most important contribution to the ‘Italian question’ is that…

A

He placed it firmly in the context of European diplomacy.
~ It was only through the Great Power agreement that any change would occur.

60
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, Cavour’s Inherited Position and Priorities) Cavour was not an instinctive… but he disliked…

A

Italian nationalist but, he disliked Austrian attitudes to Lombardy and felt they provoked Italian nationalists into revolutionary behaviour.
~ Piedmont’s foreign policy remained anti-Austrian.
~ He also knew they’d need foreign help.

61
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, Cavour’s Inherited Position and Priorities) His position was difficult, under article 3 of the…

A

Statuto, foreign policy remained the prerogative of the crown (up to VEII).
~ Cavour therefore as PM had to power to promote Piedmont’s interests and undermine the Vienna Settlement.

62
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The changing power of Austria) Between 18___-___ the Austrians, led by… had been determined to…

A

1815-48, the Austrians, led by Metternich had been determined to stamp out all nationalism and preserve their conservative aims.

63
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The changing power of Austria) It was Austria’s relative decline…

A

That made political change possible in Italy.
~ This decline was based on economic challenges from Prussia and the growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein…

64
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The changing power of Austria) What was the Zollverein?

A

Economic free trade agreement, challenged Austria’s dominance of the German confederation.
~ Dominated by Prussia.
~ Austria tried to establish a Southern confederation but most Southern states such as Silesia had already joined Z.
~ Slowly becoming isolated in the Germanic confederation.

65
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Crimean War) In 18___, the opportunity to enter international simplify presented itself when…

A

1854, when Cavour got Piedmont involved in the CW.
~ Believed that VEII promoted Piedmonts involvement and that he threatened to sack Cavour and replace him with Thaon da Revel if he failed to involve Piedmont.
(VEII being a dominant force).

66
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Crimean War) By late 1854, Britain and France had…

A

Declared war in Russia with Austria neutral.
~ Russia became angry at Austria for signing the Four Points Agreement (to Piedmont’s benefit).

67
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Crimean War)
- 185__, GB asked Piedmont for reinforcements, sent ________ troops… _______ died…
- Meant that Piedmont was…

A

1855, Reluctant Cavour sent 18,000 troops, 2,000 died.
~ Subsequently, Piedmont would be allowed to the Peace Treaty at the end.

68
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Crimean War)
- They won the admiration and gratitude of…
- In December 18___…

A
  • Gratitude of the allies.
    ~ In December 1855, Austria threatened to enter the war on the side of the allies and Russia immediately sued for peace.
69
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Congress of Paris) February to April 185__ saw the Peace Treaty in…

A

1856, Peace Treaty in Paris.
~ Neither Britain or France would upset Austria by discussing Piedmont’s desires in another Italy.

70
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Congress of Paris) What did Cavour achieve :

A

~ His attendance showered Piedmont’s diplomatic status.
~ The Italian question was the main point of discussion on the 8th April. This showed that it was now a diplomatic issue.
~ FRENCH AND BRITISH GRATEFUL TO PIEDMONT. (‘owed them one’).

71
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont, The Congress of Paris) Italy & France :

A

~ Diplomatic links & investments made France + Piedmont’s interest entwined.
~ If one succeeds, so does the other.

72
Q

(Step 4, Diplomatic Links, Developments in Piedmont) CONCLUSION! (4) :

A

~ Piedmontese involvement was an important diplomatic turning point.
~ War marked an end to the Treaty of Vienna and was a watershed in Austrian power.
~ Austria was not isolated diplomatically and had lost its great ally (Russia).
~ Neither Britain or France would be sympathetic to Austria maintaining it’s control over Northern Europe in the medium term?

HISTORY ITALY (4 decks)

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