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Italy, Booklet 1. Flashcards

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1
Q

(Italy, 1815)
Piedmont

A
  • Ruled by House of Savoy (Royal).
  • Capital was Turin.
  • Owned by Sardinia since 1720.
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2
Q

(Italy, 1815)
Lombardy

A
  • Ruled by representatives from Austria.
  • 13,000 population.
  • Economically advanced.
  • Capital Milan.
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3
Q

(Italy, 1815)
Venetia

A
  • Ruled by a constitution started during renaissance.
  • Dominated by local aristocracy.
  • Big Austrian influence.
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4
Q

(Italy, 1815)
Papal States

A
  • Covered most of central Italy.
  • Governed by Pope.
  • Weak economically, relied on foreign support.
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5
Q

(Italy, 1815)
Naples

A
  • Ruled by the Bourbons.
  • Weak economically, poorest region.
  • King also ruled Sicily with a representative.
  • Known as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
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6
Q

(Italy, 1815)
Central Duchies

A
  • Tuscany, Modena and Parma.
  • Under heavy Austrian influence, ruled by Dukes.
  • Ruling house related to Austrians.
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7
Q

Restored Order (pre-1830 context).

A
  • 1796-1815, Napoleon (French Emperor) took over whole peninsula after defeating Austrians.
  • He abolished most old states and divided Italy into 4 separate republics.
  • In 1815, French defeated at Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna decided to return Italy to same boundaries as before 1796 (restored order).
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8
Q

Why was unification unlikely at this stage?

A
  • Very segregated country.
  • All the states were ruled by different people who wanted to be in charge.
  • Austria had complete dominance, would be difficult to beat them.
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9
Q

Piedmont Sardinia by 1830 :

A

Rulers : House of Savoy. King Victor Emmanuel.
Political views : Reactionary.
Economy : Turin was capital, economically advanced.
Armed forces : Strong, developed army.
Social Makeup : Large peasantry, large middle class too.

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10
Q

Lombardy / Venetia by 1830 :

A

Rulers : Emperor Francis, direct Austrian rule.
Political views : Separate governments, currencies etc.
Economy : Milan was economically + culturally advanced.
Armed forces : Manutua was was one of the Quadrilateral fortresses.

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11
Q

The Central Duchies consisted of…

A

Parma, Modena and Tuscany.

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12
Q

The Central Duchies by 1830 :

A

Rulers : Parma, Duchess Marie-Louise (would not allow reactionary policies). Modena, Return of Hapsburg Duke Francis IV. Tuscany, Ferdinand III.
Political Views : Tuscany was progressive (improved education), Parma progressive, Modena reactionary.
Social make up : influenced by Paul states.

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13
Q

Papal States by 1830 :

A

Rulers : Controlled by Catholic church in Rome.
Political views : Reactionary, church was very controlling (would not allow developments in communications in case they spread new ideas).
Economy : Poor, pre-industrial, vaccinations against smallpox abolished.
Armed forces : Austrians stationed troops to protect the Pope.

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14
Q

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples + Sicily) by 1830 :

A

Rulers : King Ferdinand I (Bourbon), married to Austrian princess.
Political views : Reactionary, King cancelled Sicilian Constitution (allowed ppl to have a say in the gov). Gov was corrupt.
Life : Suffered from malaria + famine due to poor harvests. Very poor region.

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15
Q

North + South divide by 1830 : Approx __% Italians worked on Land. Italian language only spoken by approx __%.

A

50%, 2.5%.
- Appennines Mountains made communication + trade difficult.

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16
Q

Richest Italian State in 1815

A

Lombardy

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17
Q

Good port in Piedmont for trade?

A

Genoa

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18
Q

When did the Venetian constitution date from?

A

Renaissance

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19
Q

King of Piedmont?

A

Victor Emmanuel I

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20
Q

What % of Austrian tax revenue was provided by Lombardy and Venetia in 1830?

A

25% (1/4)

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21
Q

What state was run by Duke Francis IV?

A

Modena (The Central Duchies)

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22
Q

What state was run by Duchess Marie-Louise?

A

Parma

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23
Q

Which leader in Tuscany improved education, reorganised the university’s and spent money on girls education?

A

Ferdinand III

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24
Q

What were the groups of strict, hard-lined popes called?

A

Zealots, established a tight control on government, education, culture and politics.
~ Jewish kids were taken and assimilated as catholics.

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25
Q

Who was the leader of Naples from 1815?

A

Ferdinand I

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26
Q

In what year did a series of revolts break our which forced Naples to grant a constitution?

A

1820

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27
Q

How many custom points did the river po have in 1830?

A

22.

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28
Q

Political features of Italian states being an impediment to unification by 1830?

A

~ All had different leaders who wanted different things and wanted to be in charge.
~ Austrians dominated Italy, had all the power.

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29
Q

Social features of Italian states being an impediment to unification by 1830?

A

~ Upper class generally didn’t want change as they benefited from how Italy was.
~ Lower class were politically apathetic (not interested).
~ Different cultures/classes wouldn’t want to mix.
~ Middle class were educated and wanted change.

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30
Q

Economical features of Italian states being an impediment to unification by 1830?

A

~ North wouldn’t want to take on South’s problems (poorer).
~ There was no free trade, you had to pay to sell foods elsewhere.

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31
Q

(Catholic Church Influence) Over ___% of Italian people were Roman Catholic…

A

90%.
~ Catholics church had always been a force of conservatism and resisted change.

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32
Q

(Catholic Church) At the Treaty of Vienne, Pope… was restored to…

A

Pope Pius VII was restored to his full power as leader of the papal states.
~ Code Napoleon was abolished in most areas.

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33
Q

A court called the…

A

Inquisition used torture and execution against heretics (people who questioned god).
~ Was even forbidden to say that the earth revolved around the sun.
~ Censorship was imposed.

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34
Q

Zealots were…

A

Hard-line popes, who established a tight control on government, education, culture and politics in the Papal States.

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35
Q

Jewish children were… until the case of…

A

Assimilated as catholics until the case of Edgar Mortara (who had been baptised by a servant) brought the practice to an end.

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36
Q

How would the church be able to stop any challenges to the restored order?

A

~ Pope was most powerful man in Europe.
~ Jesuits + Zealots would have intimidated people, making them not want to aim for a unified Italy.
~ Many people wouldn’t have known much about these other ideas because censorship was imposed and the church was many peoples only form of education.

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37
Q

If the church became more liberal, how could it potentially be a force to aid unification?

A

~ Could unite people who would usually struggle to find similarities because most people were catholics.
~ Pope may be able to get Austria to listen and back down since they’re also Catholics.
~ Spread ideas through education, in huge groups (NEED A LIBERAL POPE, UNLIKELY).

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38
Q

(Preventing Political Progress) Political Apathy :

A

~ Everyday living was important, more than political afffairs.
~ Widespread illiteracy in the south and lord of poverty + ignorance.
~ For many, patriotism meant loyalty to their state, not Italy as a whole,

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39
Q

(Preventing Political Progress) Language :

A

~ Language differed between the states so communication was difficult.
~ e.g. French spoken in Piedmont-Sardinia.

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40
Q

(Preventing Political Progress) Roman Catholicism : Papal states, Piedmont-sardinia…

A

~ Regained influence in 1815 after loosing its power under Napoleon.
~ In papal states, church law was state law and impinged in every subject.
~ In Piedmont-Sardinia, the Catholic church was freed from taxation, had full control over education and tan it’s own courts.
~ Preached ideas of conservatism.

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41
Q

(Preventing Political Progress) Austria :

A

~ Had direct control and it’s network of family alliances and military dependence.
~ Duke of Tuscany + Modena + Kings of Piedmont-Sardinia were all cousins of the emperor.

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42
Q

Naples and Tuscany entered into direct…

A

Alliance with Austria, promising not the alter their forms of government without consultation.
~ Papal states and Piedmont-Sardinia refused to do this.

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43
Q

Metternich set up…

A

‘Postal Convention’.
~ Whereby the foreign correspondence of each state had to pass through Austria and was thus subject to Austrian scrutiny.
~ This ensured widespread surveillance, helped infiltrate suspected revolutionary groups.

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44
Q

(Preventing Political Progress) The Great Powers :

A

~ Russia and Prussia were united in the ‘Holy Alliance’ of 1815 with Austria, and hated anything that hinted at a revolution.
~ Britian and France were recovering from the Battle of Waterloo and were in no position to help, even if they wanted to.

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45
Q

(Political Ideas) Nationalism :

A

~ People of same race, language, culture and traditions.
~ Should not be controlled by other nations.
~ Some favoured a monarchy and others a republic.
~ Disagreement existed about the extent of the Peninsula that should be unified.

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46
Q

(Political Ideas) Liberalism :

A

~ People should have a say in government, best achieved through a representative assembly/a parliament elected.
~ A rule of law was needed needed which guaranteed rights e.g. fair trial + free trade.
~ Non violent + middle class. Favoured a constitutional monarchy.

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47
Q

(Political Ideas) Radicalism :

A

~ Much more extreme, wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth.
~ Would use violence to achieve aims.
~ Many part of revolutionary societies, and believed all men should elect a parliament, not just the rich.
~ Favoured a truly democratic republic (women and peasants included).

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48
Q

Austrian view of political groups :

A

~ Negative, had no intention of allowing such ideas to spread as it could threaten to break up Austrian empire.
~ Metternich would not allow Italy to exist, as a divided peninsula under absolute rulers was easier for Austria to divide and rule.

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49
Q

It was very easy for Austria to control the peninsula as…

A

Even many educated italians, at this point, preferred local loyalties and peasants were not interested in who governed them.

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50
Q

___% of tax revenue collected in Italy went to the French military…

A

60%.

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51
Q

Secret societies were viewed as… after 1815 they aimed to…

A

As dangerous by the church.
- After 1815, aimed to overthrow the restored monarchs and drive out the Austrians.

52
Q

Secret societies makeup :

A

Membership was : army officers, students, doctors etc (all well educated).
- Most were patriotic and daring idealists, dreamers or even criminals.
- Were prepared to risk their lives for adventure.

53
Q

Weakness of Secret Societies :

A
  • Not willing to work together and lacked organisation.
  • They were small and scattered groups.
54
Q

(Secret Society) The Carbonari (Charcoal Burners)… _______ members in Naples which was about __% of adult male population…

A

60,000 members in Naples, about 5% of the adult male population.
- Swore allegiance to their leaders.
- Mainly in the South.
- Not anti-Catholic.
- They were fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from monarchs.

55
Q

(Secret Society)
- Federarti (The Confederate’s)…
- Renamed itself…

A
  • Led by Milanese nobleman Federico Confalonieri.
  • The society favoured constitutional government.
  • Renamed itself ‘The society of the Sublime Perfect Masters’.
  • Many members were unmasked and received long prison sentences.
56
Q

How much of a threat were the secret societies to the Restored order by 1830?

A

STRENGTHS : Intellectual, had a range of skills and links, could educate others on their ideas.
WEAKNESSES : Some not fully-committed, not a mass movement so not a huge threat, didn’t support each other (segregated), many had different aims and goals.

57
Q

How did the events in France influence Italy? ________ was overthrown…

A
  • The French King (Charles X) was overthrown and was replaced by Louise Philllipe.
  • He promised to act as a constitutional monarch (government).
  • Some Italians believed the French may support a similar situation in Italy.
58
Q

A Constitutional Monarch is one who…

A

Shares power with a constitutionally organized government.
- So they don’t make all the decisions.

58
Q

Modena Revolutions (1831) (5) …

A

1) Enrico Misley (leading member of Carbonari) led an uprising.
2) Misley tried to get his friend, the Duke of Modena (Francesco IV) to support him in return for becoming the King of Italy.
3) 2 days before supposed revolution, Duke had a member of the conspiracy arrested.
4) Duke then fled to Vienna and pled for support.
5) Returned in March to the Central Duchies with Austrian army, the revolutionaries were crushed.

58
Q

The Papal States revolutions (1830-32) :

A
  • Organised by the professional classes who hated rule of church.
  • More of a revolt against the church than a united Italy.
  • Provisional government was set up (promised a fairer legal system etc).
  • Austrians defeated them again.
58
Q

Reasons for Failure of revolutions (1830-32) :

A
  • Revolutions were local affairs, not national.
  • No organisation between states (no unity).
  • Lacked popular support, revolts mainly middle classes. (Peasants didn’t support).
  • Divided aims.
  • Austria had strong military strength.
  • Didn’t use much violence, only weapons were things like pikes and scythes.
59
Q

(Reasons for revolution failure) Austrian power, by 1831, __ of the __ main rulers had called…

A

Austrian power to help them.

60
Q

(How far had Italy changed by 1831) By 18___, the Great Powers were no longer unanimous about the need to keep things…

A

1831, no longer necessarily wanted to keep things as they had been in 1815.

61
Q

Vitorio Alfieri :

A
  • Writer of upper class novels with a nationalist sentiment.
  • First to use ‘Risorgimento’ in terms of the political revival of Italy.
  • Idea of liberty was picked up by Mazzini.
62
Q

(Cultural influences of Risorgimento, LITERATURE) I Promessi…

A

Sposi by Manzoni - based on past glory and patrioism.

63
Q

(Cultural influence, JOURNALS) In Lombardy, the…

A

‘Bibliotheca Italiana’ encouraged use of Italian and the Journal ‘Il Politenico’ raised issues of common culture and language.
(Disadvantage is that not everyone speaks it).

64
Q

As late as 18___, only _________ out of ___ million spoke Italian…

A

As late as 1871, only 630,000 out of 27 million spoke Italian.

65
Q

(Cultural Influence, ORGANISATIONS) National consciousness was created by national meetings such as the…

A

Congresso Delgi Scienziata, they used Italian at the meetings.
- Allowed for moderate Nationalist opinions.

66
Q

Risorgimento a THREAT to the restored order by 1840 :

A
  • Helped spread ideas of Italian unification in a subtle way, this helped slowly grow the movement.
  • Music could bring people together, bring a sense of unity, which Italy was lacking.
  • These people were strong, could be good leaders.
67
Q

Risorgimento NOT A THREAT to the restored order by 1840 :

A
  • Many didn’t speak Italian so wouldn’t be able to understand the hidden meanings.
  • Separate groups/aims.
  • Only middle/upper classes would be able to access these places.
  • They had to be very quiet about these ideas else they would be arrested.
68
Q

(Social and Economic division by 1840’s) The class differences :

A
  • Middle classes annoyed at noble, very conservative.
  • For the masses, daily survival mattered the most, resisted change that would make their lives any worse.
  • Peninsula suffered from diverse languages/lack of education.
69
Q

(Social and Economic division by 1840’s) By 1840, agriculture…

A

Still dominated, farming was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition.
- Starvation inspired riots.
- Italy had begun to develop economically, mainly in the North.

70
Q

(Social and Economic Division by the 1840’s) Living standards declined after 1810, in Naples the average life expectancy was…

A

24 years old in the 1840’s.

71
Q

Why was Mazzini unpopular?

A
  • Believed in God but not in a Christianity.
    ~ Radical views on liberating women and the poor
    (idea of wealth distribution).
72
Q

Mazzini Background :

A

~ Became a nationalist in 1821, after seeing beggers.
~ Joined Carbonari in 1827 but was betrayed and put in prison.

73
Q

Mazzini’s Ideas :

A

~ Principle of democracy.
~ Believed all men should be free and equal.
~ Ultimate aim was a republic.
~ Believed they should be unified by their own efforts (no french help).

74
Q

The campaigns and actions of Mazzini’s ‘Young Italy’ movement :

A

~ 1834, tried to invade Savoy, his general was incompetent.
~ 1844, supporters ‘Bandiero Brothers’ tried to start an uprising in Naples with 19 followers. They were attacked by meanings and many were shot.

75
Q

Young Italy had approximately _________ followers…

A

50,000.
~ Had to be under 40.
~ Wore a uniform of national colours, armed to fight for nationalism.

76
Q

Mazzini’s successful challenge to the Restored Order :

A

~ Gave tremendous impetus to unification, nobody campaigned as long and as hard as he.
~ Great organiser of propaganda, wrote countless articles.
~ Converted many to the cause e.g. Garibaldi.
~ Created ‘Young Italy’ which kept call for unity alive, kept it in the headlines.

77
Q

Mazzini’s failure to challenge the Restored Order :

A

~ Moderate liberals looked upon him as a dangerous radical.
~ His attitude would stop Italy from getting support from France.
~ Ideas alienated the rich as he wanted to redistribute the wealth.
~ Ideas were too intellectual for the masses, so no chance of mass movements.

78
Q

Mazzini was absent from Italy for ___ years in total, meaning…

A

40 years in total, became out of touch with the situation.
~ Lived in London + Switzerland for while.
~ Very little contact with peasants.

79
Q

(Alternatives to Mazzinian Republicanism by 1848) In Piedmont, moderate nationalists under Balbo believed…he wrote…

A

Piedmont should lead all other states against the Austrians, believed only Piedmont had strength to do this.
~ He wrote ‘Le Speranze d’Italia’, argued for a federation.

80
Q

(Alternatives to Mazzinian Republicanism by 1848) During 1830’s, a monarchist group called the…

A

‘Albertisti’ had developed.
~ Charles Albert had introduced financial and military reforms.
~ He would be the new King, disagreement about whether union should be the whole of Italy or just North.
~ Favoured idea of diplomacy with European nations to solve its problems.

81
Q

(Alternatives to Mazzinian Republicanism by 1848) Gilberto and the reforms of Pius XI, G was…

A

an exiled Piedmontese philosopher.
~ He believed the church and the pope should hear a national revival (neo-guelphism).
~ Wanted a federation of states, Pope as president, but he hated revolution.
~ Church had been very reactionary but…

82
Q

(Alternatives to Mazzinian Republicanism by 1848) Church had been reactionary but in 18___, Pope….

A

1846, Pope Pius IX elected.
~ Liberal tendencies but weak-minded.
~ He reformed education, law etc and ended press censorship. Also allowed Rome a constitution.

83
Q

(Alternatives to Mazzinian Republicanism by 1848) Positive of Pope Pius XI possibly leading unification…

A

~ 90% of population were catholic, may bring people together, sense of culture.
~ Austrians we’re also religious, pope was their spiritual leader so might not want to go against him.
~ Big threat to Austria.

84
Q

Massimo d’Azeglio :
- He was an…
- He believed that…
- Realised…
- Believed Italian freedom…

A

~ Intellectual writer who witnessed an attempted revolution against the pope and Austria in 1845.
~ Believed that the evens on Papal States confirmed that only leader possible of uniting Italy was Charles Albert.
~ Realised European opinion and public support was crucial.
~ Believed Italian freedom would come from the ruling classes (opposite to Mazzini).

85
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, GROWTH OF LIBERALISM) Piedmont-Sardinia…

A

(modern, liberal government compared to other places) served as an early driving force for unification.
~ King Charles Albert joined Prius’s customs union and supported his reforms of legal system…

86
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, GROWTH OF LIBERALISM)
- Charles Albert presented… in ______…
- This was influenced by…
- Also ended…

A

A document ‘Statuto’ in 1847, after demonstrations in Piedmont, Turin and Genoa demanding a constitution.
~ This was influenced by other UK + Belgian constitutions, gave radicals and reformers of Italy CIVIL RIGHTS to stand on.
(Influenced by Pius). Might inspire other states too.
~ Also ended press censorship.

87
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution,REFORMS OF PIUS XI)
-He was elected in… first act was…
- This inspired the masses…

A

1846, elected by cardinals for his ‘moderate stance’.
~ First act was the highly publicised release of 2,000 political prisoners.
~ Inspired the masses to gather in Rome and chant ‘oh, supreme Pius’.

88
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution,REFORMS OF PIUS XI) Perhaps encouraged by crowds, Pius made a step towards unification by (3) …

A

~ Questioning the country’s justice system.
~ Recruiting a council of lay advisors (non-religious).
~ Entering a customers union with Tuscany and Piedmont (economic unification), promoted free trade.
~ PROGRESSIVE ACTIONS INSPIRED CHANGE IN OTHER STATES (like press censorship in Piedmont).

89
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, SOCIAL DISCONTENT AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS)
- ___% of population worked…
- Europe wide harvest failures in…

A

90% worked on land, mostly tenant subsistence farming.
~ Central spark for revolution, farming was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition.
~ Peasants lost long-held land to wealthy.
- Harvest Failures in 1846/7 caused maize and wheat shortages, high prices.

90
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, SOCIAL DISCONTENT AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS)
- Almost no industry in the…
- Average life expectancy in Naples 1840’s…
- 1836 ________ deaths from…

A

South, and some cities in Milan suffered from overcrowding, poor housing and terrible conditions.
~ Living standards decreased after 1810, average life expectancy in Naples 24 in 1840’s.
~ 1836 there were 65,000 deaths from cholera, many Sicilians blamed their rulers in Naples.
DRIVEN BY STARVATION, HUNGER POLITICS.

91
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, UNPOPULARITY OF THE AUSTRIANS)
- Anti-Austrian feelings was something…
- Roughly. ___/___ of the Austrian empires tax came from…

A

Most Nationalists agreed on and promoted.
~ Areas under direct rule e.g. Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia resented high taxation, roughly 1/3 of Austrian Empires tax came from here.

92
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, UNPOPULARITY OF AUSTRIANS) Tensions started in July _____….

A

July 1847 : Austrian troops occupied the Papal town of Ferrara, causing Pope to lodge a formal protest with the Austrian Government.
January 1848 : Denied Austrians right to cross the Papal states + asked lord to bless ‘italia’.
~ Austria (catholic) appeared to be in conflict with church.
March 1848 : Republic of Venice declared and skirmishes in Milan forcing out the Austrian garrison.

93
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, GROWTH OF NATIONALISM) Is a _____ term factor…

A

Long term factor.
~ Mazzini + Young Italy and other secret societies.
~ Balbo + Azeglio ~ Albertisti
~ Gilberto ~ Pope Pius XI.
~ Cultural Influences of Risorgimento.

94
Q

What was the Albertisti?

A

Supported rule of Charlers Albert.
~ Balbo and Azelgio supported it

95
Q

(Causes of 1848 Revolution, UNPOPULARITY OF THE AUSTRIANS) Name of the anti-Austrian/anti-papal book written by Azeglio in _____?

A

‘On Recent Events in Romagna’ in 1846.

96
Q

(1848 Revolutions) January 1848, SICILY :

A

A period of Ferdinand II repression and an outbreak of cholera leaves Sicilians in a desperate state. (Social/economic issues).
~ Notices go up in Palmero saying a revolution will begin.
~ Clashes begin with troops, peasants arrive in city to support uprising, 5,000 arm reinforcements arrive.
~ 1812 constitution is demanded.

97
Q

(1848 Revolutions) January 17th : NAPLES :

A

Word of Sicilian revolution ignored unprising in Salerno (racked with famine).
~ The uprising which was launched by ss saw the burning of public records and the killing of some Bourborn officials.

98
Q

(1848 Revolutions) 27th January : NAPLES :

A

In the face of a mass demonstration on the 27th, Ferdinand yielded.
~ Appointed a more liberal ministry led by Maresca.
~ His troops had to o be withdrawn from Palermo.
GRANTS CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUTION IN FEBRUARY.

99
Q

(1848 Revolutions) February 17th : TUSCANY / ROME :

A

Grand Duke Leopoldo grants an equally conservative constitution for Tuscany. Poor issues a constitution for the Papal States.
~ MARCH, CA statuto (constitutional monarchy).

100
Q

(1848 Revolutions) 18th March : LOMBARDY :

A

~ Following boycott of tobacco, Milanese begin ‘Five Glorious Days’.
~ Began with 10,000 presenting a petition for liberal reforms.
~ Barricades soon up with Anti-aus on one side and Aus on other.
~ Austrian commanded (Radetsky) withdraws to fortresses of the quadrilateral.
~ Lombardy not asks Piedmont for alliance for protection from Austria.
(ANTI-AUSTRIAN FEELING)

101
Q

(1848 Revolutions) 22nd March : Venetia :

A

Venetian republic declared under Daniel Manin, also ask Piedmont and CA for an alliance against Austria.

102
Q

(1848 Revolutions) March 22nd : PIEDMONT :

A

Fearing French intervention if he hesitates, CA declares WAR on Austria, invades Lombardy.
~ Troops from all over Italy join CA e.g. Soldiers from Papal states (led by Durando, who itgnored Pius XI who didn’t want to upset Austria.

103
Q

(1848 Revolutions) April 29th : ROME :

A

Unprepared to upset Catholic Austria, Pius issues ALLOCUTION stating that the war with Austria didn’t have his blessing, that CA was the agressor and that he had no wish to lead a united Italy.
~ Weakens CA position as many Catholic soldiers don’t want to against the Pope.

104
Q

(1848 Revolutions) April 1848 : SICILY :

A

A parliament is elected and declared that Sicily and Naples are totally separated and that the Kings of Naples is no longer their king.
~ Not concerned with national unity.
(DISASTER FOR NATIONALISM, Success for Sicily).

105
Q

(1848 Revolutions) May : Naples :

A

~ Moderate ministry under Troy’s established, persuaded Ferdinand to give more people the vote, to break diplomatic relations with Aus and send a Neapolitan force of 17,000 men under command of Pepe.

106
Q

(1848 Revolutions) May 1848 :

A

Charles alberts wins the battle of Goito.
~ However, 30,000 French troops have amassed on Piedmonts western border + big divisions in his own armies due to troops not trusting each other because of region loyalty and political aims.
~ CA refuses to accept recruits for army who won’t swear loyalty to Piedmont.

107
Q

(1848 Revolutions) June 1848 : Vienna :

A

Radetsky sends Prince Schwarzenberg to Vienna and persuades the government to let him fight CA.
(TURNING POINT).

108
Q

(1848 Revolutions) July 24th 1848 : Lombardy :

A

Charles Albert and allies are crushed at the battle of Custozza.
(Italy’s best hope, piedmont, is defeated).

109
Q

(1848 Revolutions) August 1848 : Lombardy :

A

Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy, on 11th August the Armistice of Salasco is signed.
(ends war between Piedmont + Austria).

110
Q

(1848 Revolutions) September 1848 :

A

Ferdinand dispatched a force of 20,000 to seize Messina and the Sicilian parliament surrender after 3 days of intensive bombardment.
~ Earned Ferdinand the nickname ‘King Bomba’.
(Crushes Revolutions).

111
Q

(1848 Revolutions) September 1848, ROME :

A

Pius XI appoints anti-liberal Count Rossi as his PM.
~ hopes Rossi will clamp down on Liberals and Radicals.

112
Q

(1848 Revolutions) November 1848 : Rome :

A

Count Rossi is murdered by a mob while entering parliament on November 15th.
~ Pope filled Rome, fearing for his life, and goes to Naples.

113
Q

(1848 Revolutions) December 1848 : Rome :

A

A revolutionary government is established under Giuseppe Galletti and they introduce popular measures such as tax reform and setting up of the Constituente to decide future of Rome and Italy.
(BEGINNING OF RR).

114
Q

(1848 Revolutions) February 1849 : Rome :

A

Constituente meet for the first time and are made up of mainly radical middle class.
~ It announces the end of the Pope’s power and the setting up of the ROMAN REPUBLIC.

115
Q

(1848 Revolutions) 23rd March 1849 : Rome :

A

CA persuaded by Giobertii and Chiodo to try one more times to beat the Austrians, but Piedmonts crushed once again at the Battle of Novara.

116
Q

(1848 Revolutions) March 1849 : Rome :

A

Mazzini arrives in Rome. Soon joins with Armellini and Saddi in the Triumvirate and reforms Roman laws, clears slums, ends church control of the press etc.
~ In power, head of RR.

117
Q

(1848 Revolutions) March 1849 : Piedmont :

A

Charles Albert abdicates, replaced by his son Victor Emmanuel II.
(under control of Austrian mother and wife, no longer supports unification).

118
Q

(1848 Revolutions) March/April 1849 : SICILY :

A

Ferdinand abolished the parliament of Naples, orders his forces in Sicily to take the offensive.
~ leaders abandon losing cause. Sicily and Naples are reunited.
(END OF REVOLUTIONS IN THE SOUTH).

119
Q

(1848 Revolutions) April 1849 : NAPLES :

A

At a meeting with his cardinals, Pius XI calls for foreign support to help restore Papal power in Rome.

120
Q

(1848 Revolutions) April 1849 : FRANCE :

A

Louis Napoleon (new President of France), wanted to win support of Catholics.
~ Sent troops with orders to crush the Roman Republic.
~ Arrives in Italy on 24th Italy, marches to Rome, blocked for 2 months by a heroic band of volunteers led by Garibaldi.

121
Q

(1848 Revolutions) June 1849 : Rome :

A

Triumvirate issues a constitution for Rome but it’s too late.
~ Outside city, 20,000 French troops are putting city under siege.
Garibaldi speech ‘Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death’.

122
Q

(1848 Revolutions) 3rd July 1849 : Rome :

A

French enter the city.
~ Garibaldi escapes with 400 followers, marches to San Marino.
~ Mazzini appeals to the people of Rome on 5th July before escaping to exile in London.

123
Q

((1848 Revolutions) August 1849 : Piedmont :

A

Peace is signed between Austria and Piedmont with Piedmont paying reparations of 65 Million French Francs.

124
Q

How far was the intervention of Foreign powers responsible for the failure of the 1848 revolutions?

A
  • AUSTRIAN + FRENCH INTERVENTION.
  • REACTION OF THE PAPCY.
  • PIEDMONT’S WEAKNESS.
  • LACK OF REVOLUTIONARY UNITY AND POPULAR SUPPORT.
    judgement : foreign powers…

HISTORY ITALY (4 decks)

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