Italy- booklet 1 Flashcards
What is nationalism?
people of same race, language, culture and traditions united in an independent nation
What is liberalism?
people should have a say in government, through representative assembly
What is radical republicanism?
wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth, often used violence
What were the weaknesses of the secret societies?
- separate
- little support
- wanted different things
- wouldn’t work together
- no organisation
What was the Carbonari?
- active in south
- 60,000 members in Naples (5% of male population)
- wanted constitutions
What was the Federati and Adelfi?
Federati: constitutional gov, more moderate than Carbonari
Adelfi: members were unmasked Dec 1821 to Jan 1823
What was Young Italy?
- began in 1831
- Failed revolutions in 1833 (Piedmont), 1834 (Genoa) and 1844 (Bandiero brothers)
What happened in the 1830 revolution in Moderna & Parma?
- Enrico Misley was betrayed by ruler Duke Francis and he travelled to Austria
- In absence, revolutionaries took over in Moderna
- Parma, rioted and demanded a constitution
- Parma duchess fled
- Francis returned with Austrian army and crushed both
What happened in the 1830 revolution in the Papal states?
- Organised by professional classes
- Revolt against church
- Provisional government set up in Bologna 1831
- Refused to send help to Moderna
- Suppressed by Austria
What were the reasons for the failure of the 1830-32 revolutions?
- local affairs
- mainly moderate
- not popular in support
- divided aims
- Austrian strength
What was the Risorgimento?
- First used in 1775
- 1871: 630,000 out of 27 mil spoke Italian
How did the growth of liberalism contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?
- Charles Albert presented Statuto in 1847
- gave liberals more confidence
How did the reforms of Pius IX contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?
- first acts was to release political prisoners
- recruited council of lay advisors
- his liberal reforms inspired others
How did the unpopularity of the Austrians contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?
- Lombardy-Venetia: resented high taxes (1/3 of Austria’s tax revenues)
- July 1847: pope formal complaint about Austrian occupation of Ferrara
- Jan 1848: pope stopped Austrian army from going through papal states
How did the social and economic discontent contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?
- 90% population worked on land
- peasants lost communal land to ruling classes
- Europe wide harvest failures 1846 and 1847
- Naples life expectancy = 24
- outbreak of cholera led to 65,000 deaths in 1836
When did Charles Albert grant the Statuto?
March 1848
What was the Milanese “Five Glorious Days”?
- followed a tobacco boycott
- 10,000 petitioning for liberal reforms
- barricades thrown up
- moderates want union with Piedmont
Why did revolution start in Sicily?
-repression and outbreak of cholera
When and what was the Venetian Republic?
March 1848
- declared under Daniel Manin
- asks for alliance with Piedmont
When did Charles Albert declare war on Austria
22nd March 1848
When was the Papal Allocution?
29th April 1848 (TURNING POINT)
-charles albert was aggressor and war doesn’t have his blessing
What was important about Lombardy, May 1848?
- CA wins Goito & refuses any new troops who don’t swear loyalty
- 30,000 FR troops amassed
Where and when was Charles Albert crushed, 1848?
24th July 1848
Battle of Custozza
What was signed in August 1848
the Armistice of Salasco
