Italy- booklet 1

Question 1

What is nationalism?

Answer 1

people of same race, language, culture and traditions united in an independent nation

Question 2

What is liberalism?

Answer 2

people should have a say in government, through representative assembly

Question 3

What is radical republicanism?

Answer 3

wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth, often used violence

Question 4

What were the weaknesses of the secret societies?

Answer 4

• separate
• little support
• wanted different things
• wouldn’t work together
• no organisation

Question 5

What was the Carbonari?

Answer 5

• active in south
• 60,000 members in Naples (5% of male population)
• wanted constitutions

Question 6

What was the Federati and Adelfi?

Answer 6

Federati: constitutional gov, more moderate than Carbonari

Adelfi: members were unmasked Dec 1821 to Jan 1823

Question 7

What was Young Italy?

Answer 7

• began in 1831

- Failed revolutions in 1833 (Piedmont), 1834 (Genoa) and 1844 (Bandiero brothers)

Question 8

What happened in the 1830 revolution in Moderna & Parma?

Answer 8

• Enrico Misley was betrayed by ruler Duke Francis and he travelled to Austria
• In absence, revolutionaries took over in Moderna
• Parma, rioted and demanded a constitution
• Parma duchess fled
• Francis returned with Austrian army and crushed both

Question 9

What happened in the 1830 revolution in the Papal states?

Answer 9

• Organised by professional classes
• Revolt against church
• Provisional government set up in Bologna 1831
• Refused to send help to Moderna
• Suppressed by Austria

Question 10

What were the reasons for the failure of the 1830-32 revolutions?

Answer 10

• local affairs
• mainly moderate
• not popular in support
• divided aims
• Austrian strength

Question 11

What was the Risorgimento?

Answer 11

• First used in 1775

- 1871: 630,000 out of 27 mil spoke Italian

Question 12

How did the growth of liberalism contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?

Answer 12

• Charles Albert presented Statuto in 1847

- gave liberals more confidence

Question 13

How did the reforms of Pius IX contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?

Answer 13

• first acts was to release political prisoners
• recruited council of lay advisors
• his liberal reforms inspired others

Question 14

How did the unpopularity of the Austrians contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?

Answer 14

• Lombardy-Venetia: resented high taxes (1/3 of Austria’s tax revenues)
• July 1847: pope formal complaint about Austrian occupation of Ferrara
• Jan 1848: pope stopped Austrian army from going through papal states

Question 15

How did the social and economic discontent contribute towards the 1848 revolutions?

Answer 15

• 90% population worked on land
• peasants lost communal land to ruling classes
• Europe wide harvest failures 1846 and 1847
• Naples life expectancy = 24
• outbreak of cholera led to 65,000 deaths in 1836

Question 16

When did Charles Albert grant the Statuto?

Answer 16

March 1848

Question 17

What was the Milanese “Five Glorious Days”?

Answer 17

• followed a tobacco boycott
• 10,000 petitioning for liberal reforms
• barricades thrown up
• moderates want union with Piedmont

Question 18

Why did revolution start in Sicily?

Answer 18

-repression and outbreak of cholera

Question 19

When and what was the Venetian Republic?

Answer 19

March 1848

• declared under Daniel Manin
• asks for alliance with Piedmont

Question 20

When did Charles Albert declare war on Austria

Answer 20

22nd March 1848

Question 21

When was the Papal Allocution?

Answer 21

29th April 1848 (TURNING POINT)

-charles albert was aggressor and war doesn’t have his blessing

Question 22

What was important about Lombardy, May 1848?

Answer 22

• CA wins Goito & refuses any new troops who don’t swear loyalty
• 30,000 FR troops amassed

Question 23

Where and when was Charles Albert crushed, 1848?

Answer 23

24th July 1848

Battle of Custozza

Question 24

What was signed in August 1848

Answer 24

the Armistice of Salasco

Question 25

When was Count Rossi elected PM?

Answer 25

September 1848

Question 26

When was Count Rossi murdered and what happened as a result?

Answer 26

November 1848

-Pope flees

Question 27

What happened in Rome, December 1848 -February 1849?

Answer 27

• Revolutionary government set up under Galletti
• sets up Constituente (elections Jan 1849)
• Roman Republic set up FEB 1849

Question 28

When was Charles Albert convinced to have one last attempt?

Answer 28

March 1849

Defeated at Battle of Novara

Question 29

When does Charles Albert abdicate?

Answer 29

March 1849

Question 30

What does the Truviamente do in Rome?

Answer 30

June 1849- issues a constitution for Rome, by FR troops have amassed by city walls

Question 31

When do the French enter Rome?

Answer 31

3rd July 1849

blocked for 2 months by Garibaldi, who escapes with 400 followers

Question 32

When is the peace treaty signed?

Answer 32

August 1849

Piedmont to pay reparations of 65 million French francs

Question 33

Why is the Republic of Venice forced to surrender 1849?

Answer 33

hunger and outbreak of cholera