Italy B4

Question 1

what was the first obstacle to Italian Unity after March 1861

Answer 1

The French and Austrians

Question 2

how did the French prevent unification in 1860

Answer 2

French troops were still in Rome and Napoleon III would not withdrew them

Question 3

when was the September Convention

Answer 3

1864

Question 4

what was agreed at the September Convention

Answer 4

Napoleon agreed to evacuate Rome in return for the switch of the capital from Turin to Florence

Question 5

what happened when Minghetti agreed to the September Convention

Answer 5

-storm of protests
-23 people died from riots in Turin
-VE sacked Minghetti

Question 6

how did Austria prevent unification in 1860

Answer 6

large army stayed in Venetia which was supported by Great Powers

Question 7

what did Cavour try to do to get rid of the Austrians

Answer 7

encourage Hungarian revolutionaries to start an uprising but it came to nothing

Question 8

what happened between France and Prussia and what did that cause for Austria

Answer 8

-made a free trade treaty in 1862 and excluded Austria
-weakened Austria

Question 9

how would Rome cause a bigger threat to national unity than Venetia

Answer 9

-Catholic state with great influence and papal power
-France more powerful and capable of action than Austria who were in decline
-more likely to start conflict - more passion e.g ‘Rome or Death’
-Pope was internationally important and more likely to be supported by other countries

Question 10

what was the second obstacle to unification

Answer 10

the death of Cavour and political weakness

Question 11

when did Cavour die and who replace him

Answer 11

-June 1861
-Riccasoli

Question 12

how many MPs were there between 1861-66 and what did this cause

Answer 12

-5 MPs
-no political stability

Question 13

what did all the ministers lack

Answer 13

-support from the King
-weak parliamentary discipline

Question 14

summarise the 6 political weaknesses

Answer 14

-no political stability - 5 MPs
-failed to control Garibaldi’s attempts on Rome and Ratazzi arrested him
-Cavour died = Italy hastily unified
-PMs not supported by VE and Farini tried to stab him
-narrow political rep
-unrepresentative of the masses
-lack of democracy

Question 15

how was the electorate unrepresentative and what percentage of the population could vote

Answer 15

only Piedmontese UC men voted
-2%

Question 16

what was the third obstacle which prevented unification

Answer 16

the papacy

Question 17

why did Cavour face a lot of opposition from the Pope in 1861

Answer 17

-lost 2/3 of his land to the new kingdom
-Pope’s temporal power was destroyed by the Risorgimento
-Church’s spiritual power was under threat from scientific theory

Question 18

define fractious cohabitation and what started it

Answer 18

-an uneasy relationship between church and state
-church ignored Cavour

Question 19

what was the Syllabus of Errors

Answer 19

Church’s response to the loss of power

Question 20

give examples of what the Syllabus of Errors included

Answer 20

-church would retain control over the education system and all science and culture
-reasserted temporal power
-would not accept progress of modern civilisation

Question 21

how did the state respond to the syllabus of errors

Answer 21

-increased taxes of the church
-1866 - demanded that the Church hand over property

Question 22

what was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility

Answer 22

stated that the Pope’s statements were indisputable

Question 23

when was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed and what did this mark

Answer 23

-July 1870
-the spiritual supremacy of the Pope

Question 24

what did the Pope declare himself after the annexing of Rome in 1870 which made the situation worse

Answer 24

-prisoner in the Vatican

Question 25

how serious was the church rejection of Italy to the new kingdom and why

Answer 25

-very serious -public forced to choose -divided views which opposes unity -role of priests turn masses against state -Pope's opposition could turn into an international problem

Question 26

why did the Great Powers support Austrian control of Venetia

Answer 26

to maintain the balance of power in Europe

Question 27

list 3 areas of unity encouraged by the creation of the new state

Answer 27

-unified Italian army was formed and modernised under Prussian guidance -unified navy formed -schools and unis under state control - unified education system

Question 28

what was the fourth obstacle to unification

Answer 28

the Southern question

Question 29

in what ways were Italy diverse

Answer 29

socially, politically and economically

Question 30

how was the voting system corrupt

Answer 30

in Nice the 'no' slips were not brought to the voting stations and the 'yes' voters didn't know what they were voting for - centralised or federal Italy?

Question 31

why was the South unsuitable for unification with Piedmont

Answer 31

it was backward and poor

Question 32

give an example of how the South was unsuitable for unification

Answer 32

the Casati Law made primary education compulsory but it didn't happen in the South as most were illiterate

Question 33

why didn't the jury system work in the South

Answer 33

the mafia could corrupt and intimidate jurors

Question 34

why was Lombardy upset by Piedmontisation

Answer 34

Lombardy was promised its own legal system, education system, local gov but it was ruined by Piedmontisation

Question 35

what was Cavour's attitude towards the South

Answer 35

little understanding of it

Question 36

who else was to blame for the poor relationship with the South and why (3)

Answer 36

Garibaldi - making ill-conceived promises e.g promising land reform and improved living standards Bourbon agents Priests

Question 37

define Piedmontisation

Answer 37

forcing Piedmontese systems on the whole of Italy

Question 37

what was the fifth obstacle to unification

Answer 37

Piedmontisation

Question 38

how was Piedmontisation paid for

Answer 38

dissolution of the monastries

Question 39

what did the new government in Turin decide to impose on the whole peninsula

Answer 39

impose Piedmont's systems over the whole peninsula

Question 40

why was piedmontisation bad for the south

Answer 40

the south was unsuitable for unification with Piedmont

Question 41

what happened to Naples' legal system

Answer 41

changed by 53 decrees in just 2 days in February 1861

Question 42

what the two major drawbacks of piedmontisation

Answer 42

-ignorance of regional affairs -lack of financial and human resources

Question 43

give examples of how piedmontisation showed ignorance of Italian affairs

Answer 43

-dissolution of 2382 monasteries and convents which deprived areas of charitable constitutions -new jury system in the south but the mafia was able to corrupt and intimidate jurors

Question 44

give an example of how piedmontisation caused a lack of resources

Answer 44

-south drained the north and Piedmont didn't have the resources or manpower to administer the region well

Question 45

why was Lombardy unhappy with piedmontisation

Answer 45

promised its own constitution and had its own legal and education system and local gov

Question 46

what did Modena do in August 1860

Answer 46

voted for annexation by Piedmont

Question 47

what was the sixth obstacle to unification

Answer 47

the Brigands' War - 1861 -1865

Question 48

who were the brigands

Answer 48

bandits who lived in mountains and seen as protectors of the South

Question 49

what caused the increase in brigandage

Answer 49

-collapse of Bourbon rule - no law and order -new gov increased taxes -conscription introduces which took men from families -many in west of Sicily joined the mafia -Bourbon soldiers had fled

Question 50

how many Piedmont troops and Brigands were there

Answer 50

Piedmont - 120,000 troops Brigands - 82000

Question 51

when did the war subside

Answer 51

1865

Question 52

what was the seventh obstacle to unification

Answer 52

economic and social backwardness

Question 53

what were 4 factors which caused economic and social backwardness

Answer 53

-debt and costs -land sales -agriculture and industry -transport

Question 54

how big was Italy's debt by 1861

Answer 54

2450 million lire

Question 55

what unpopular taxes were introduced in 1865 and 1868

Answer 55

flour tax and grist tax

Question 56

in 1866 what % of state expenditure was spent on the deficit

Answer 56

60%

Question 57

what happened following the introduction of the grist tax in 1868

Answer 57

250 deaths and 1000 wounded in riots

Question 58

when did the state start to sell of church land and how many acres were sold in the next 9 years

Answer 58

1867, 9 million acres

Question 59

what % of agricultural produce was used each year to finance state debt

Answer 59

30%

Question 60

by 1861 how many industrial workers were there and what % were women and children

Answer 60

3 million, 80%

Question 61

which states had absolutely no railway

Answer 61

Sardinia and Sicily

Question 62

when was the Mount Cenis tunnel opened

Answer 62

1871

Question 63

what is meant by the term 'dual economy'

Answer 63

2 separate economies N stronger, S weaker

Question 64

define real and regal Italy

Answer 64

-real Italy - those who felt isolated and betrayed by piedmontisation -legal Italy - those part of the state