Industrialisation Flashcards
Impacts of industrialisation in countryside
-enclosing land for Urbanisation
-corn laws
-land drainage and underground channels
-increase in milk imported
Impacts of industrialisation for turnpike canals
-22000 miles of turnpiked roads in England by 1836
-Canals can carry heavy goods
-4 major systems linked by canals
Impacts for railways
-revolutionised travelling
-1867 - more coal reached London by rail than sea
-1850 - 6000 miles of track opened
-3 lines connected Scotland and England
-political campaigns
Impacts for towns
-1801 - 1m in London
-problems with housing - irregulated infilling
-middle class develops
Impacts for industry
-lots of uneducated workers = rise in unskilled labour especially in London
-London - good communications by sea
-1801 - ½ of pop in villages in W. Midlands engaged in industrial pursuits
What happened in 1690s - 1790s for banking
Countries set up own banking system for businessmen
When was the bank of England established
1694
How many banks were there in England in 1784
119
What happened in 1797 - 1826 for banks
Denied the fight to issue notes with more than 6 members - cap
What happened in 1808 for banks
Banks expanded to 800
What happened in 1825 for banks
Depression due to wars = banks failed
When was the cap removed
1826
What was the first joint stock bank and when
Lancashire Banking Company
1826
How many joint stock banks and branches nationwide were there in 1866
154 joint stock Banks
850 branches nationwide
What was Manchester known as
‘Cottonopolis’
What was the new power used to boost productivity
Steam
What did the South East specialise in for its industry
Grain
What was the biggest change to agriculture during 1750-1830
Land enclosures
What did James Watt and Matthew Boulton make
Rotative engine
Give examples of positive social factors due to industrialisation
-In Manchester, carpenters’ wages between 1765 and 1795 increased from 64% to 88%
-skilled workers wages increased e.g potters in Wedgewood’s Factories in Staffordshire rose quicker than general labourers
-1750 - average income per person was £12 per year
1780s - average family could earn £24 per year
Give examples of negative social factors due to Industrialisation
-3/20 children died in their first year of life
-½ of the children born in the 1830s failed to reach 5 in Sheffield and Manchester
Give examples of positive economic factors due to industrialisation
-trade and transport grew from 5% in 1760 to 26% in 1860
-by 1820s there were 4000 miles of navigable canals and waterways for trade
-½ of workers were employed in manufacturing in 1801 and this increased to ⅔ by 1871
Give examples of negative economic factors due to industrialisation
-textile factories only employed less than 100 workers in Lancashire
-the south of England became relatively unimportant as it maintained agricultural production and traditional working methods
-workers in agriculture and fisheries declined from 35% to 15% from 1801-71
Give negative statistics of population growth
-1750 - only London and Edinburgh had populations over 50,000
-in 1851 there were 9.7 million workers and only 6% worked in textile factories
Give positive statistics of population growth
-London had 2.3 million pop
-urban areas grew between 23%-29% from 1801-51
-1800 - 25% lived in towns
1880 - 80% lived in towns
How much was Richard Arkwright worth in 1792
-Richard Arkwright was worth £500,000 in 1792 - potential wealth for MC entrepreneurs
Which city was the home of textile production
Lancashire
How were the economic regions diverse by the mid 1800s
-NW - cente of textile manufacturing
-NE - mining and ship building industry
-Midlands - engineering
-SE (not London) - agricultural
-S - lost out on wool industry to Yorkshire as better access to coal
Why did the south become unimportant
Maintained agricultural production and traditional working methods
What Was a result of growth of international trade
-industry drifted to areas with good transport links e.g Lancashire cotton Mills had access to Liverpool
-Manchester-Liverpool railway finished in 1830
Middle class definition
-Self-made men who became wealthy from trades and developing service industries
Inbetween WC and landed gentry
Which people created the MC
Factory owners or merchants
What role did the MC perform
Pioneered the development of large scale industry
What were the attitudes of the MC
Hard-nosed
Applied principles of free trade
No mutual co-existence
What impact did the MC have on Britain
-Urban working class expended
-Economically developed Britain
-Converted economic success into political power in 1832
When was the steam engine introduced
1769
What did the arrival of the steam engine mean for industry
Rise in unskilled Labour
Factories didn’t need to be near rivers
What happened to the south due to geographical changes in industry
Less labourers
Give examples of worst jobs and why they were dangerous
Bridge builder - no safety equipment
Legger - unsanitary water in face
Bone cleaner - potter’s rot (lung disease
Soap cleaner - costic soda in water supply, blinds you if splashes in face
what were the working conditions like in factories
-worked 14hrs 6 days a week
-relentless noise
-fines for lateness or actions that reduced speed
-high injury rate
why were the conditions so bad
wanted to create profit by maximizing output and keeping costs low
what are the ST and LT impacts of the factories
ST - lots of employment and big profit for employers, lots of people able to get a job
LT - workers dying, becoming fed up, protests
describe the working conditions in mines
-dangerous - flooding, gas explosions etc
-12 hrs a day for 6 days
why were mines important and what did this mean for the workers
-demands for coal increased
-between 1770 and 1850, production went from 6m to 55m tons
-this meant that risks were taken with greater frequency
what are the ST and LT impacts of working conditions in the mines
ST
-demand for employers
-lots of workers which be
when did employers build back-to-back houses and why
-late 1700s
-to ensure a consistent workforce and tied to them by an obligation to pay rent
when was the Davey safety lamp introduced
1815
when did employers build back-to-back housing and why
-late 1700s
-ensure a consistent workforce tied to them due to obligation to pay rent
what fraction of workers in Birmingham lived in back-to-back housing
2/3
what caused respiratory problems in the houses
-frequent use of candles and oil lamps created a smoky atmosphere
-smoke pouring from factory’s chimneys
describe back-to-back houses
-cost efficient
-built efficiently but lacked quality
-crowded
what are courtyards
communal areas for washing, toilets and access to properties
how much was rent for ‘back’ houses and ‘front’ houses
-back - 1s 10d per week
-front - 2s 6d per week
what causes strain on sanitation
-rapid growth in towns#
-drainage systems couldn’t cope with the amount of waste produced
-privies emptied into cesspits and if they were poorly constructed they could contaminate the water supply
when and where was the first outbreak of cholera and how many people died
-1831
-Sunderland
-32,000 within a year
what was there a lack of in the 1800s
communal ‘free space’
what did the building of rows and rows of terraced housing due to town growth cause
-inner-cities densely packed with terraced housing
-MC built larger houses on the outskirts
what did the growth of towns cause between the classes
-further divisions as they began to resent each other
-class consciousness which promoted increasing conflict
what did Saltshire, West Yorkshire do
tried to improve living conditions
how much did the population increase by every decade between 1801-1851
27%
when was the Municipal Corporations Act and what was its impact
-1835
-improved things by informing gov but ST effect was limited
how many people died of typhus each year
4000
what are the ST impacts of the Factory Act
-easy to disobey laws - only 4 inspectors to cover 4000 factories
-only textile mills
-children able to go to school
what are the LT impacts of the Factory Act
-inspires further change
-leads to more laws for adults working
-leads to better working conditions
what did the 1842 Mines Act do and why was it passed
-banned underground employment for children under 10 and women
-public were horrified by the accounts published by the Royal Commission
what did the 1844 Factory Act do
-8 y/o had to work only half days - 61/2 hrs
-night work forbidden for women
-children 13-18 and women only allowed to work 12 hrs
-more inspectors
what did the 1847 Factory Act do and who was instrumental in passing this
-10hr day for all women and children
-John Fieldin
what did the 1867 Factory Act do
extend to all factories with 50+ workers
how did the government improve working conditions in 1830-70
-return of Tory gov in 1844 under Peel
-whigs e.g Thomas Babington Macauley believed it was linked to economic growth - if conditions are bad for children they will not be effective later on in life
-Lord Ashley (whig MP) believed it was the morally right thing to do and chaired a comittee
how did the return of the Tory gov in 1844 under Robert Peel increase reform
led to further reform as they wished to reduce social distress within society - believed social distress affected economic growth
how did the gov and MC decrease reform
-whig MP, Lord Althorp led opposition against reforms proposed by Adam Sandler
-dominance of free trade
give examples of mass movements that encouraged reform
-Short Time Committees
-Manchester’s factory children
-luddism
-swing riots
-10 Hour movement
how did STC encourage reform
-held public meetings
-persuaded people to sign petitions in support of Hobhouse’s bill
-sent information of their campaign to trade unions, sick-benefit clubs and friendly societies
how did Manchester’s Factory Children encourage reform
-group of factory children in Manchester joined to support factory legislation and made statements
how did the luddism riots encourage reform
-1000 looms destroyed by Feb 1812
-50 transported and 25 killed - shows gov are scared
how did the swing riots encourage reform
-destroyed threshing machines
-10,000 pounds damage
-252 sentenced, 505 transported
-1st example of rural strength protests
how did the Ten Hour Movement encourage reform
-most successful
-sustained campaign
-Richard Oastler led it and main speaker: Tory land steward and great orator
-John Fieldin was instrumental in bringing about 1847 factory act
-exposed hardship
-said needed to improve conditions for efficiency later on
how did the Luddites and Swing riots discourage reform and when were they
-L - killed anti-luddite = desperation, 1811-12
-S - 10,000 pounds arson damage, 1830-31
give examples of how individuals encouraged reform
-Francis Trollope’s Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy published in 1840, sold in parts, conditions of early days
-Hobhouse’s bill
-Richard Oastler - 10hr day, Tory land steward
why did workers have to organize themselves in order to improve
-gov’s repressive measures
-Napoleonic Wars - prices rises, high unemployment, food riots, rapid industrialization = casualties
-divide between classes
what organization groups were there and what did they do
-Self Help Groups - skilled workers formed early trade unions
-Friendly Societies - combinations banned so continued as this to protect members against financial problems through savings
-Chartism - presented People’s Charte 3 times to parliament
what reforms were passed to improve living conditions, when were they passed and describe them
-Public Health Act - 1848 - improved health and improved understanding that industrialization is bad for health
-Burial Acts - 1852 - 57 - create more cemeteries, stopped digging shallow graves
-The Sanitary Act - 1866 - established the definition of overcrowding and required all houses to be connected to a main sewer.
who were the public health reformers and what did they do
-Edwin Chadwick
-John Simon
-William Farr
-Lord Morpeth
