Italian History - book 3

Question 1

What does Cavour’s speech to parliament in 1855 on page 9 tell us about Cavour

Answer 1

He is pro military
Very optimistic about nationalism
Has to appeal to nationalists as there would be lots of nationalists in the crowd

Question 2

Why would nationalists be encourage by Cavours speech to parliament in 1855 on page 9

Answer 2

Says ‘Italy’ so suggests Piedmont wants to unite Italy together

Question 3

How influential could the National Society actually be in promoting Italian unification

Answer 3

Some members formally were for Martini so they may be too radical
They are all from Piedmont though so would understand that Piedmont is the best chance to lead unification

Question 4

Why might Cavour be a little reluctant to openly support the National Society

Answer 4

Because they are described as dangerous radicals by Cavour so he may be reluctant to be with people like that

Question 5

Why was Louis Napoleon (Nap III) in Italy in 1830-31?

Answer 5

Exiled from France

Question 6

Why was Louis Napoleon expelled from Rome?

Answer 6

Wanted to overthrow the Pope and seize Pope’s castle. Squashed by the Pope

Question 7

How did Louis Napoleon’s personality make him a sympathiser with Italian Nationalism?

Answer 7

Vague liberal. Dreamer, idealist, but is clearly adventurous

Question 8

Why did Napoleon’s attitude towards Italy change after December 1848?

Answer 8

He became president of France

Question 9

Why did Napoleon come to the aid of the Pope in 1849?

Answer 9

Because the French are Catholics so wanted support at home by squashing uprisings for the Pope

Question 10

How did Napoleon exhibit his political cunning in April - June 1849?

Answer 10

Squashed the Roman Republic. Squashed Mazzini

Question 11

Why could Napoleon’s defence of the Pope be seen as an error of judgement

Answer 11

Rome became more reactionary (Pius IX became a reactionary government)

Question 12

What reasons do historians give for Napoleon’s involvement in Northern Italy

Answer 12

France wanted to gain a foreign ally (friend)

Question 13

What were Napoleon’s plans for Central Italy

Answer 13

Pope would oversee Central Italy

Question 14

Explain why most groups would be pleased with Napoleon’s plans for Central Italy

Answer 14

Unifying Italy (nationalists)
Old monarchs are got rid of (liberals)
Piedmont will expand into Northern Italy, the Church won't have a problem with this as they're Catholic

Question 15

What is the Orsini affair

Answer 15

Napoleon and his wife were in a carriage on the way to the Opera and Orsini, (with 3 other nationalists), wanted to bomb him and kill him

Question 16

What was Orsini’s aim

Answer 16

Napoleon III wanted it to look like Italian nationalists were trying to kill him to distance himself from Italy and so France wasn’t an aggressor. Looks like the Orsini plot was set up

Question 17

Why was Orsini’s prison letter controversial

Answer 17

He said he wanted a republic but it was influenced by Napoleon III

Question 18

Why might nationalists be pleased with the Pact of Plombieres

Answer 18

Italy & France wouldn’t be the bad guys. Austria would be aggressors.
Kingdom of Upper Italy untied and ruled by Piedmont
Kingdom of Central States united by Tuscany
Pope keeps Rome
Italy gets 200,000 soldiers from France but Piedmont needs 100,000 soldiers to attack Austrians

Question 19

Why might nationalists be displeased with the Pact of Plombieres

Answer 19

Italy become split into 4 parts which are individually managed which is similar to Italy being split up in 1810. The Pope will see over all 4 areas in a confederation
Still not fully unified
Southern nationalists still don’t get anything out of this
Nice and Savoy given to France. House of Savoy is house of Victor Emmanuel’s family

Question 20

What was the outcome of Magenta and Solferino

Answer 20

Magenta - French victory, not a single Piedmontese soldier lost their life
Solferino - nothing happens for a week or so then Austria attacks and there are heavy losses

Question 21

How did Italian unity occur in the battles of Magenta and Solferino

Answer 21

Magenta - Napoleon III mobilised his troops and this battle inspired others to start thinking about unification
Solferino - no impact, led by French, didn’t take Lombardy or Venetia

Question 22

How did Italian nationalism occur in the battles of Magenta and Solferino

Answer 22

Magenta - resentment from French as they’d question why they were helping
Solferino - French was fighting most, doesn’t consider Italians in peace process

Question 23

What was the relationship with the French like in the battles of Magenta and Solferino

Answer 23

Magenta - no Italians involved in fight
Solferino - soured. French didn’t consult Piedmont to sue peace, Victor Emmanuel resigns and isn’t premier of Piedmont anymore

Question 24

What was the Austrian strength like in the battles of Magenta and Solferino

Answer 24

Magenta - weakened than before mainly in terms of losing men

Solferino - weakened as it shows that they looked weak - beginning of the end of the Austrian empire

Question 25

What was the peace treaty

Answer 25

Austrian emperor Franz Josef met with Napoleon III to sign the treaty without consulting the Italians

Question 26

Why are the events happening at the same time as Magenta and Solferino in the central Dutchies

Answer 26

The Austrians were busy fighting Piedmont. Austria is weak and Piedmont looks strong. VE's speeches to get soldiers to join army so people wanted to join Piedmont

Question 27

What is the significance for Italian unification for the events happening at the central Duchies as Magenta and Solferino

Answer 27

Piedmont would double in size and would include Modena, Parma, Tuscany and Romagna. French dont like this as they are protecting Rome and Bologna and it wasn't included in the deal with Piedmont to help them

Question 28

Why did Napoleon sue for peace

Answer 28

- new and more accurate weaponary and the development of large armies resulted in huge casualty rates - there was only one doctor per 500 casualties on the allied side - France didn't think that Piedmont could maintain the conflict for much longer as they lacked equipment and expertise - Austria had retreated to the 'Quadrilateral', defeating them would require a lengthy and expensive siege - Cavour seemed increasingly interested in the central Duchies and this went beyond the terms of the Plombieres agreement. Napoleon also believed that the Papal States were under threat - 24th June 1859, the Prussian army mobilised on the banks of the Rhine

Question 29

What was the Quadrilateral

Answer 29

A series of fortresses on the borders of Venetia

Question 30

Why was Garibaldi an Italian nationalist?

Answer 30

Raised Italian guerrilla fighters who were largely responsible for the victory between Uruguay and Argentina Had a devotion to Italian nationalism and was known for good reputations and success Joined Young Italy and was inspired by Mazzini

Question 31

In what ways did Garibaldi's South American experiences affect his later role in Italy

Answer 31

Stayed in South America for 12 years Became a pirate who are known for robbing things Joined the Uruguayan army and was involved in an Argentinian takeover. Here, Garibaldi was largely responsible for the victory as he had raised Italian guerrilla fighters

Question 32

How did Garibaldi's actions in the Roman Republic cement his reputation as a great Italian nationalist

Answer 32

Garibaldi arrived just after Pope fled and just as the city prepared to defend itself from the French Made French attacks pushed back Helped in the war and Garibaldi participated so much his sword became bent, even though they were heavily outnumbered, Garibaldi made sure they had a victory Wanted to support the republic as it was under siege from the Austrian army

Question 33

What are the strategies of guerrilla warfare

Answer 33

``` Hit and run Sabotage Break supply lines Geographical knowledge "booby" traps Ambush Disguise Civilian support ```

Question 34

What is guerrilla warfare

Answer 34

War fought by small groups of irregular soldiers against larger regular forces

Question 35

Advantages of guerrilla warfare

Answer 35

Allowed smaller, less experiences and poorly supplied troops to defeat large, experienced and well supplies enemy troops Allowed military to take advantage of civilian help Guerrilla fighters were mainly fighting the war in their homeland so they knew the layout of the land, whereas the enemy had to rely on maps and planes

Question 36

How important were Garibaldi's actions in the 1859 war

Answer 36

Garibaldi was trusted so could take command of 3,000 troops and were able to defeat the Austrians with them as he was skilful in regards to where he positioned himself in Italy

Question 37

In what ways could Garibaldi's actions in the south be seen to have helped the unification of Italy

Answer 37

He appointed himself dictator of Sicily and helped Sicilians against the French. He also supported peasants so the peasants thought their voices were now being heard. This would help unification as the south now has a northerner as their dictator which would just leave the papal states to complete unification

Question 38

Explain any potential future problems Garibaldi could have caused for the new Kingdom of Italy

Answer 38

He may have caused false hope as Garibaldi was a respected figure so Sicilians would have trusted him, however, Piedmont may not have wanted to start unifying with the South just yet

Question 39

Briefly explain the events of the 1860 war

Answer 39

Victor Emmanuel II and Garibaldi met and Cavour wanted the Garibaldinis out Garibaldi went to Palermo as there was an uprising; he was helped by a local mafia Garibaldi promised land redistribution and Cavour had Garibaldi arrested Garibaldi had landed in the Papal states with a small fleet Guerrilla war was used against the Bourbon family

Question 40

Key points about the proclaim of the Kingdom of Italy

Answer 40

``` Forced the South on the North Forced Piedmont to take the Papal states on their way South Caused a long term rift with the Pope Propaganda promised reform Land redistribution was neglected 'Piedmontisation' ignored Southern culture and institutions Foreign concerns Austrian and French reactions ```