Italian History - book 1 Flashcards
06/09/16
How did Napoleon take over Italy?
Gained control of the army in 1796 so he had more support in what he wanted to pursue
Started dividing Italy up. First in 4 states in 1798 then again in 1810 into 3 states. This gave Napoleon more power and control
06/09/16
How did Napoleon change Italy?
1792 - took over Piedmont then Lambardy, which led Napoleon to take over the Austrians. (This was easy because the Pope had no support)
1805 - crowned himself king of Italy
Free trade
Reduced church control
High taxes
Meritocracy (get a job on how good you are, not who you know. Removed privileges)
06/09/16
What were the 3 states known by that Napoleon split Italy into in 1810 and who was Sicily under
One was annexed to France
Kingdom of Italy (north, run by Napoleon)
Kingdom of Naples (south, run by napoleons brother)
Sicily under British
07/09/16
What was Italy like before Napoleon invaded in 1796
13 kingdoms
Population - 130,000 (overpopulated)
Milan, Rome and Florence were cities
Local lords at Venezia but ran by Austria
These were both wealthy parts of Italy
Tuscany, Modena and Parma ran by dukes (under Austria)
Papal States were under the pope
Naples was run by the Barban family
These two were both the poor parts of Italy in the south
Sicily is run by the King of Naples
Piedmont was the only fully independent kingdom
07/09/16
After Napoleons defeat, how did the Congress of Vienna change Italy again?
Restored kingdoms
Metternich - Austrian chancellor
Piedmont was independent and enlarged in size
Lambardy and Venetia was under Austria
Central Dutchies (Parma, Modena, Tuscany) under Austria
Papal States returned to the pope and protected by Austria
Naples controlled Sicily
07/09/16
What was life like in the different states under the restored monarchs
Back to normal - not liked as it was old fashioned and unprogressive
“Reactionary” leaders - removed all French institutions
“Matternich system” (torture, secret police, imprisonment, public execution, censorship)
Upset middle class
Some progress - Tuscany keen of medicals
07/09/16
What political groups and organisations existed in Italy from 1815?
Metternich Secret societies Nationalists Radicals Liberals
07/09/16
What did the Metternich, secret society and nationalists do
Metternich
System to remove nationalists and liberalism to save Austrian controls
Secret societies
Young Italians, carbonan (charcoal maker)
Nationalists
Created nations, no foreigners
07/09/16
What did radicals and liberals do
Radicals
Social reform, violent, as per liberals
Liberals
Representative government, freedom of speech, non violent
14/09/16
What happened in the revolutions in 1820-21?
Sicily against Naples
Sicily wanted free speech, nationalism and a say in government
Austrians, lack of unity and no mass support
Piedmont - Victor Emmanuel I was king. Charles Felix (first son), Charles Albert (second son). Albert seized power and pressure from middle class and agreed to a constitution. Charles Felix comes back with army and Albert set up an absolute monarchy. These uprisings are all from liberalism. Charles Felix has Austrian help and support
14/09/16
What is an absolute monarchy
Where all laws are made by the King
14/09/16
What were the main causes of the 1820s revolutions
Charles Albert had seized power over his brother
Both liberalism from Sicily so that Sicily would have a better offer
14/09/16
Political, economic and social features of Lombardy/Venetia
P-lords, some representative government and separate political units with separate governments
S-legal reforms abolished
E-advanced, rich
14/09/16
What were the political, social and economic feature of the central Duchies (Parma, Modena and Tuscany)
P-ruled by dutches and dutchesses
S-health expanded
E-Tuscany spent more on education
14/09/16
What were the social, economic and political features of the kingdom of the two Sicilies
P-absolute monarchy, Sicily was controlled by Naples
S-suffered from diseases such as malaria and famine due poor harvests and infertile land
E-poor
14/09/16
What did economic, political and social aspects did Papal States have
P-controlled by Catholic Church in Rome
S-Catholics enforced church rules and promoted Catholicism
E-poor
20/09/16
What did the church do to help unification
90% of people were Catholic
Pope restored to full power
Tight control on government, education, culture and politics in the Papal States
20/09/16
What did the church do to hinder unification
Austrians stationed in Papal States
Attacked people who went against church
21/09/16
How did political apathy prevent political progress
Italians preferred everyday living to political affairs
Widespread illiteracy (South)
Poverty, ignorance and superstition
21/09/16
How did language prevent political progress
Differed between every state French in Piedmont Sardinia Latin in Papal States German from Austrian rulers This all hindered communication between Italy
21/09/16
How did Roman Catholicism stall political progress
Church teaching hindered economic, political and intellectual developments
In the Papal States, church law is state law
In Piedmont Sardinia, the Catholic Church freed taxation but had full control over education and ran its own courts
21/09/16
How did Austria stall political progress
Had direct control over Lombardy and Venetia
Metternich had highly organised police systems and worked with Austria who had spy networks
Influenced Italy was maintained through family alliances and military dependency
21/09/16
How did the great powers prevent political progress
Russia/Prussia united in Holy Alliance with Austria in 1815
Britain/France in no position to help after immediate aftermath of 1815
21/09/16
When were the great powers drawn up
1815 settlement
21/09/16
How did Nationalism become ineffective in unification
Not everyone spoke the same language/culture
North was rich and South was poor so South offered nothing to North
Controlled by Austrians in Lombardy and Venetia
Didn’t have a monarchy in Papal States, run by Pope
North and South had separate political divisions
