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British History Flashcards

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1
Q

08/09/16

What are the top 3 factors that caused the industrial revolution

A

Trade networks, technology, population

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2
Q

12/09/16

Why did a surge in population help in the British industrial revolution

A

It brought lots of banks into business which also meant smaller businesses could be established due a growing population of people bringing new ideas

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3
Q

12/09/16

How did trade networks help in the British industrial revolution

A

Ships would carry coal to London
At the end of the 1700’s canals offered significant improvements for the movements of resources but this was a slow system which could not keep up with the demand

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4
Q

12/09/16

What raw material was close to the surface and easily mined

A

Coal

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5
Q

12/09/16

How did Britain as a peaceful country help in the British industrial revolution

A

The countries ruler at the time somehow avoided the mistakes of their continental counterparts

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6
Q

12/09/16

What did Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin) make

A

Made flushing toilets and steam powered rotary wheel for the mines

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7
Q

12/09/16

How did changes to banking encourage investment in the British industrial revolution

A

Secure financial basis allowed capital to be available to fund business ventures (start up and running costs)
Bank of England established 1694
800 banks by 1808 which signifies both the rapid growth of the business sector and banking

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8
Q

12/09/16

What changes happened in agriculture during the British industrial revolution

A

New farming systems created. This produced larger quantities of crops to feed the growing population
Land was of great political and economic significance

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9
Q

15/09/16

What are arguments against the extense in the industrial revolution

A

Transformation in the economy
Growth of national income remained slow
Firms only employed 50 people typically, most of whom were not machine operative
Small scale, labour intensive

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10
Q

15/09/16

Arguments for growing extensive in the industrial revolution

A

Manufacturing in small towns and cities

Small family firms dominated over large partnerships or shareholdings

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11
Q

15/09/16

What was the government’s first attitude towards the industrial development

A

They didn’t involve themselves in a significant role in industrialisation. This was given a lot of merit, particularly before the political reforms of the 1830’s

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12
Q

15/09/16

What did the British state do that it claimed it didn’t

A

Despite a seemingly slow rate of action, the British state did actively engage with industrialisation and ensured its success and eventual improvement

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13
Q

15/09/16

Parliament was dominated by landed interests. What is meant by landed interests

A

People who own thousands of acreage and had power, like aristocrats

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14
Q

15/09/16

What did the Combination Acts in 1799 and 1800 make it illegal to do

A

Form unions

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15
Q

15/09/16

What does the Master and Servant Act of 1823 make

A

The failure to fulfil a contrast of work a crime punishable with imprisonment

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16
Q

15/09/16

What did public policy complement

A

Private industry, especially in the development of Britain’s new infrastructure such as robust water supply and railways

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17
Q

15/09/16

After the consolidation of private enterprise, what did the government undertake

A

Regulation to promote long term stability

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18
Q

19/09/16

What does the term middle class mean

A

People that could encounter wealth and responsibility through working but wouldn’t necessarily have a lot of land

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19
Q

19/09/16

Who belonged to the middle class and what jobs/roles did they have?

A

Self-made men who earned their wealth from trades and developing service industries

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20
Q

19/09/16

What did the middle class believe in

A

Owning their own home (what their home was worth)
Sending their children off to a good school
Having a good, well paid job

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21
Q

19/09/16

Who were the middle class and how did they live?

A

Monthly/yearly salaries rather than hourly
Evidence : Middle class had servants to cook and clean
1851 - 1871 increase of servants from 900,000 to 1.4 million
Small but rising middle class with responsibilities
Professional success = result of person’s energy

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22
Q

22/09/16

What does MC and WC mean

A 
MC - middle class
WC - working class
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23
Q

22/09/16

What is the political aspects to Marxist theory

A

MC have more money so want more power

Distribution of political power is determined by power over production (capital)

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24
Q

22/09/16

What are the social aspects to Marxist theory

A

Families became more separated due to constant working

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25
Q

22/09/16

What are the 3 social structures according to Marx

A

Bourgeoisie (higher class)
Landowners (middle class)
Poletariat (working class)

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26
Q

22/09/16

What are the economic aspects to the Marxist theory

A

Family had to provide for each other

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27
Q

22/09/16

What type of school contributed most to the Industrial Revolution

A

Social change school

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28
Q

22/09/16

How did a social change school contribute to the Industrial Revolution

A

Positives and negatives are recognised about putting forward this change, especially in the standard of living debates

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29
Q

22/09/16

What did Marx believe in

A

Class is determined by what you own, not your gender or income

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30
Q

22/09/16

```
What are the 3 class structures explained
Bourgeoisie, Landowners and Proletariat
~~~

A

Bourgeoisie (owns machinery and factory buildings, income is profit)
Landowners (income is rent)
Proletariat (own labour and sell for wages)

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31
Q

27/09/16

What were the main social problems associated with housing

A

Rooms only 4 metres wide
‘back’ house is even poorer living
Low building costs and low quality
Use candles/oil lamps because there was low natural light which encouraged respiratory issues

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32
Q

27/09/16

What were the main issues with sanitation

A

Drainage systems available was insufficient to meet the demand
If toilets are built without solid bottoms, the liquid waste would contaminate the water
Toilets may not be emptied enough because of the cost

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33
Q

27/09/16

What were the main problems with disease

A

Outbreaks of influenza and cholera
Influenza epidermis were commonplace during the 1800s
First major cholera outbreak in Britain in Sunderland in 1831
Cholera killed 32,000 people in 1 year

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34
Q

27/09/16

What were the role children played in mines, mills and factories

A

1820, 40% of population under 15 and most sent to work
Firs time kids were able to document their thoughts
First generation of British kids to work
‘White slaves of England’-1870

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35
Q

27/09/16

What did children get told when they arrived to work at the cotton mills

A

They would be ladies and gentlemen with lots of money in their pockets

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36
Q

27/09/16

What did children find lots of that helped people like James Watt establish his idea of the steam engine into practice

A

Raw materials

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37
Q

27/09/16

What were the Manchester cotton mills like in 1842

A

Filthy
Defiance of considerations of cleanliness, ventilation and health
Little space for humans to work and breathe in
‘Hell upon Earth’

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38
Q

27/09/16

What was the Great Exhibition like in London in 1851

A 
No dogs/smoking
Every modern convenience
Filtered water
Free samples
Unique experience
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39
Q

08/09/16

Why was technology, population and trade networks good in the industrial revolution

A

The more people there are, the better the trade networks and the more technological ideas

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40
Q

12/09/16

What did Thomas Newcomber do

A

Built water pumps so the mines didn’t flood. Insufficient but cheap energy

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41
Q

03/10/16

Why did men earn more money than women per month

A

People believed men had more authority and power so were given the higher paid jobs

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42
Q

10/10/16

What were the years were the Luddites were based in Nottingham, Lancashire and Yorkshire

A

Nottingham - 1811
Yorkshire - 1812
Lancashire - 1813

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43
Q

10/10/16

Why was the movement from the Luddites created

A

The textiles workers were worried because of the increased use of technology within the textile industry (loss of jobs)

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44
Q

10/10/16

How did the Luddites get the government to notice them

A

They took their anger out on the new machines

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45
Q

11/10/16

What was a swing riot aim

A

To achieve higher wages and to put an end to the threshing machine which destroyed their winter employment

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46
Q

11/10/16

When were the swing riots

A

Mid 1820’s

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47
Q

11/10/16

How did the government treat the swing riot people

A

Hanged 9 men

Transported nearly 500

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48
Q

11/10/16

What was agricultural hiring like in the 1820’s

A

Hiring was on a casual basis
No payment if no work was done
Employed for short periods like harvesting
No guarantee of work

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49
Q

11/10/16

Why was there a deflation after 1815 and after the French wars

A

Increasing population

Development of agricultural machinery

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50
Q

11/10/16

What were the methods of protest/self defence against landowners

A

Turn to crime such as poaching
Turn to terrorism
Turn to machine breaking
Protest against wage cuts and/or demand higher wages

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51
Q

11/10/16

When and who were the tolpuddle martyrs

A

1834

Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle

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52
Q

11/10/16

What did the Tolpuddle Martyrs do and why was this wrong

A

Each swore to a secret oath to help protect their income. This was illegal
(Income was 10 shillings a week but had been known to drop to 7 shillings a week)

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53
Q

11/10/16

How many men were the Tolpuddle Martyrs tried before and what was their occupation

A

All male 12 jury that were farmers

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54
Q

11/10/16

What were the results of the Tolpuddle Martyrs after a 2 day trial

A

Guilty
Sentenced to 7 years in a penal colony in Australia
They would then be sold on as slaves
This was the maximum sentence possible

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55
Q

11/10/16

When and who were involved in the Pentrich rising

A

9th June 1817

Hundreds of villagers from Pentrich in Derbyshire

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56
Q

11/10/16

What was the Pentrich rising

A

Rebellion against the Crown

Stones were thrown at the Prince Regent’s carriage as he left Parliament

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57
Q

11/10/16

What was the Pentrich rising known as

A

The last revolution in England but more accurately a government inspired provocation to action, designed to justify this by force

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58
Q

11/10/16

Where did the Pentrich rising start from and to

A

From Pentrich, Derbyshire to Nottingham with a view to go to London

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59
Q

11/10/16

Why did the Pentrich rising happen

A

England suffered great economic, social and political problems from the war with France in 1814
Some of these occurred because of the Corn Laws that kept prices high

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60
Q

11/10/16

What was the impact of the Pentrich rising

A

Public meetings forbidden, except under licence from magistrates

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61
Q

11/10/16

What did the Blanketeers do and when

A

Hunger march to London from Manchester in 1817 led by a group of protesters

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62
Q

11/10/16

Who was the march of the Blanketeers made up from

A

Spinners and weavers from Manchester’s vast industrial sector

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63
Q

11/10/16

What happened to the main organisers, Baguley and Drummond

A

Arrested and held under the riot act and many of their followers were arrested shortly after

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64
Q

11/10/16

How many men were arrested in total

A

200

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65
Q

11/10/16

What did the crowd consist of

A

Under paid workers and the unemployed

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66
Q

11/10/16

Where and when was Peterloo Massacre

A

St Peter’s field, Manchester

16th August 1819

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67
Q

11/10/16

What are the main points about the Peterloo Massacre

A

Speaker : Henry Hunt
60,000 people involved to demand parliamentary reform
18 people killed
400 wounded
Yeomanry ordered by a local magistrates to disperse the crowd using a sabre charge

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68
Q

11/10/16

What are the 6 acts of 1819

A

Speedy trials
Increased penalties for seditious libel
Stamp duty imposed on all magazines
Public meetings limited
Training of people to use firearms prohibited
Magistrates given increase power to search properties

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69
Q

11/10/16

What is the combination act of 1799-1800

A

Made trade unions illegal although laws aren’t affected

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70
Q

11/10/16

What is used by the government to help with the Pentrich uprising

A

Large scale use of spies aswell as agents provocateurs

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71
Q

11/10/16

What does the government ban in 1817

A

Large meetings

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72
Q

13/10/16

How did laissez faire oppose reform

A

Believed it was wrong to interfere in the free working economy
No competition and free trade by government was best way to achieve success

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73
Q

20/10/16

How did government improve public health in the 19th century

A

Public health Act 1848 - although many things weren’t compulsory so local people didn’t bother doing anything
Built back to back houses because it was cheap - but this encouraged overcrowding
Public Health Act 1878 - compulsory acts like draining water and health doctors

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74
Q

20/10/16

How did technology improved public health in the 19th century

A

No sewers or toilets just a hole in the ground so this caused diseases to spread
Years later, wasted was dispersed into a bucket under the toilet seat

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75
Q

20/10/16

How did people educate themselves about on how to improve public health in the 19th century

A

By working out the best methods on how disease didn’t spread as much

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76
Q

20/10/16

What individual helped to improve significantly in the 19th century

A

Local doctor was Henry Dalton
Tried to pin down the cause of cholera
Made a connection between how people live in back to back housing and cholera

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77
Q

31/10/16

What were the top 4 factors as to why parliament wasn’t fit for purpose in the late 18th century

A

Patronage
Boroughs
Counties
Elections and the electorate

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78
Q

31/10/16

What is patronage and give an example

A

This is the practice of sponsoring someone’s ambitions either by funding them or using influence to promote them

Eg/ 1785 when MP’s were supported financially by Lords to become an MP

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79
Q

31/10/16

Key points about the boroughs

A

Urban towns

Elected 2 MP’s but still given the individuality of towns

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80
Q

31/10/16

What are the 6 groups of people who can vote

A 
Cooperation
Freemen
Scot and lot
Burgage 
Potwalloper
Freeholder
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81
Q

31/10/16

Who in a corporation can vote

A

Members of the town council

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82
Q

31/10/16

How can you get a freeman status

A

Through a persons father, marriage or an honour

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83
Q

31/10/16

Who can vote in a Scot and lot situation

A

Anyone who paid poor rates

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84
Q

31/10/16

What situation is it where rent is paid to a property in the boroughs and the owners of the property is able to vote

A

Burgage

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85
Q

31/10/16

Who can vote in a potwalloper situation

A

Householders who had a hearth that was big enough to boil a pot on

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86
Q

31/10/16

What is a freeholder situation

A

Similar franchise as the counties

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87
Q

31/10/16

What is meant by counties and give the key points

A

Rural shores in Britain which elected 2 MP’s for Westminster
Based on the 1430 act of Parliament in which people needed counties ownership of a freehold property
Could earn 40 shillings a year so Scotland had to adjust to inflation
Counties only had 2 MP’s regardless of size or population

88
Q

31/10/16

What is meant by a secret ballot

A

This is a method of voting whereby the voter can cast their vote anonymously or in private

89
Q

31/10/16

What is meant by a pocket borough

A

A small borough which could easily be manipulated or controlled by the prominent family or landowner of the area through bribery

90
Q

31/10/16

What is meant by a rotten borough

A

A small town or hamlet that used to be a prominent settlement in the Middle Ages but over time declined in stature

91
Q

01/11/16

What were the economic impacts on France because of the French Revolution

A

People with money didn’t have to pay taxes
Rich and populous country
1789 - France was deeply in debt so Louis XVI paid half of the national budget to pay off debts

92
Q

01/11/16

What were the political impacts from the French Revolution

A

Estate generals were the closest thing they had to a national parliament
System made economic contractions difficult on the poor
Killed people in order to reign people into the assembly
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France

93
Q

01/11/16

Social aspects of the French Revolution

A

Radical approaches to abolishing unequal taxes
Invaded Austria for grain and wealth
Louis XVI dead, first part of terror of the Revolution started
French Revolution not very revolutionary

94
Q

01/11/16

Key points about the tories in late 18th century Britain

A

Started around 1680
Wealthy landowners
Members of the aristocracy
North, Pitt and Liverpool were people who supported the king and the Church of England

95
Q

01/11/16

Key points about the whigs in the late 18th century Britain

A

Originated around 1680
Wealthy landowners
Members of the aristocracy
Responsible for removing James II from the throne in 1688 and restricting the power of the monarchy through the bill of rights (1689)
Charles James fox and Edmund Burke supported religious liberty and parliament

96
Q

03/11/16

How did Pitt respond to the French Revolution

A

1792 - Thomas Paine’s book is banned
1793 - trails of radical reformers in Scotland
1799 - bans on radical societies
Tax on newspapers which made the poor not able to buy them
Support to Britain’s Allies - £9million to Austria and Prussia

97
Q

14/11/16

When did Lord Liverpool resign and why

A

February 1827

He had a stroke

98
Q

14/11/16

When did Tories lose to Whigs and who was their leader

A

After 11 months in August 1828

Duke of Wellington

99
Q

14/11/16

When did the Torie party divide and why

A

In 1829 by supporting Catholic Emancipation

100
Q

14/11/16

Who were the Whigs under and when did the Tories open the door to reform

A

Under Earl Grey

Reform on 1st March 1831

101
Q

14/11/16

What were the impacts of the resignation of Grey

A 
King asked Wellington to form a new Tory government 
Middle class were frustrated and withdrew their savings and investment from banks. In 10 days, more than £1.8million was removed
102
Q

14/11/16

What wre the main arguments for reform

A

People wanted the vote (middle class and working class)
Older system was unfair
Rotten boroughs

103
Q

14/11/16

What were the arguments against reform

A

Lose power
Working class aren’t educated
Traditional system
Most people didn’t have the vote but we’re represented by landlords

104
Q

17/11/16

What change happened in Britain from the 1832 reform act

A 
A turning point in political history
Middle class gets vote
Sorts out some of the inequalities in the system
Voter registration required
Party organisation/activism
2 party system
105
Q

17/11/16

What continuity occurred from the 1832 reform act

A 
Same political parties retain power
Middle class don't become MPs
Landed gentry/aristocracy still rule parliament 
Working class ignored
Landowners retained (and in some cases extended) power
Patronage continues
106
Q

17/11/16

What did the reform act of 1832 achieve

A

Electorate almost doubled from 366,000 to 650,000 to 18% of adult male population
Clarified in statute that voting was restricted to men only
Voters had to be registered
Towns/cities previously under represented were now represented (e.g. Leeds, Manchester)
Nation states more represented (Scotland got 8 extra seats in parliament but still proportionally fewer voters than England)
County seats gains outnumbered borough seats
Majority of new voters were either tenant farmers in the counties or shop keepers, clerks in the boroughs

107
Q

17/11/16

What happened to boroughs and counties due to the reform act

A

Remained distinct from each other

108
Q

17/11/16

What happened to boroughs because of the reform act

A

Vote now uniform for adult males owning/renting property worth £10/year provided not in receipt of poor relief and up to date with taxes
Existing voters could retain their vote but lost the right to pass this on to their heirs
56 boroughs in England and Wales disenfranchised
30 boroughs lost one of their two MPs
42 boroughs created

109
Q

17/11/16

What happened to the counties because of the reform act

A

County seats increased from 92 to 159
Vote to males owning freehold property worth £2/year
Vote given to males who owned copyhold land worth £10/year
Vote to males renting land worth £50/year (due to the Chandos clause which was a Tory amendment to the act)

110
Q

21/11/16

What was Chartism?

A

A working class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848

111
Q

21/11/16

What was the aims of Chartism?

A

Parliamentary reform
Votes to everyone and political reform
Equal representation
Improve economic conditions of working people

112
Q

21/11/16

What are the individuals dates of the 6 points of the charter

A 
A vote for every man over 21 - 1918
Secret ballot - 1872
MPs don't have to own property - 1858
MPs will be paid - 1911
Equal voting constituencies - 1885
An election every year for parliament - not elected
113
Q

28/11/16

Why did the working class feel let down by the reform act 1832

A 
It didn't give the vote to working classes
The working class felt increasingly betrayed by the middle class and parliament
114
Q

29/11/16

Dates and events to do with chartism

A

Reform act (1832)
Poor law amendment act (1834)
Municipal corporations act (1835)
London working men’s association (1836)
Publication of the people’s charter (1838)
Armed uprising in Newport and first chartist position presented to parliament (1839)

115
Q

28/11/16

Why did the working class feel let down by the factory act 1833

A

Didn’t succeed in the 10 hour day. Men and women would still have to work long hours

116
Q

28/11/16

Why did the working class feel let down by the poor law amendment act 1834

A

The government still wouldn’t pass better working conditions and wouldn’t pay for the working class. The government shoved working class in factories and workhouses

117
Q

28/11/16

Why did the working class feel let down by the government and print media act 1836

A

Newspapers had to pay a government stamp duty. This meant that the radical newspapers weren’t available to the working class as they couldn’t afford them so were excluded

118
Q

28/11/16

Main leaders to do with Chartism

A

Fergus O’Connor
Henry Hetherington
John Frost - respected figure

119
Q

28/11/16

Who were the members of Chartism

A 
Majority working class
Usually craftsmen and skilled workers
120
Q

28/11/16

Strengths and weaknesses of chartism

A

Strengths - mass support
The chartists came from all walks of life
Achieved 5/6 charter points within 100 years of them being passed
Got more than enough signatures for points to pass
Weaknesses - lack of organisation and communication
Could be violent or uncertain of their aims in the start

121
Q

12/01/17

When and what is the reform union

A

1864
They sought to extend the franchise to include all male ratepayers, promote an equal distribution of seats and establish a secret ballot. They were very liberal

122
Q

12/01/17

When and what is the reform league

A

1865

They were more radical and campaigned for universal manhood suffrage but still fairly moderate in some respect

123
Q

12/01/17

How did political attitudes change

A 
1859 - liberals returned to power
MP John Bright tried to improve working class rights
124
Q

12/01/17

What happened because of Gladstone’s reform bill in 1866

A

The moderate bill reduced borough franchise to £7 a year. The counties had a £50 qualification fee that was reduced to £14 per annum

125
Q

12/01/17

What was the impact of the second reform at 1867

A 
Disraeli was a modern politician
Electoral defeat for Disraeli in 1868
Proved to all that the working class had their own minds and would vote for who they thought was the best
126
Q

19/01/17

What was the immediate impact of the 1867 reform act on the political situation

A

Electoral defeat for Disraeli in 1868
1 million more votes = 2.46 million voters
British political system became more honest and professional
Less corruption in the system

127
Q

19/01/17

What were the forces that promoted changes to be made in the 19th century

A

Pressure groups (Tolpuddle martyrs), hunger politics (1831 Bristol riots), protests (10 hour movement)

128
Q

19/01/17

What were the motivations of those in power when they considered making changes to the political system

A

Beating rivals (1867 Disraeli & Gladstone), prevention of uprisings (giving away power in small amounts)

129
Q

19/01/17

Did the reforms that were offered significantly alter the nature of the political system

A

Reducing rotten boroughs (1867 reform act, secret ballot act)

130
Q

19/01/17

Are there any strongly consistent features running through the period

A

People willing to use violence to get their way (Luddites, Chartists)

131
Q

19/01/17

What was the 1872 ballot act

A

Allowed secret ballots and to deal with the problem of electoral malpractice

132
Q

30/01/17

What is the main thing a trade union does

A

Protect the rights of its members (pension, maternity)

133
Q

30/01/17

How did the Industrial Revolution cause the growth of trade unions

A

Working conditions were poor

Emergence of factory systems

134
Q

30/01/17

How did the French Revolution cause the growth of trade unions

A

Created the environment for economic discontent to grow

Rising food prices made the cost of living higher - which made wages more of a focus for families

135
Q

30/01/17

How did the government cause the growth of trade union

A

Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 banned forming unions and large meetings

136
Q

06/02/17

Factors that stopped the Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

Swing riots 1830s
Local magistrates
Trade unionism seeping into agricultural areas/work
Role of landed gentry in agricultural areas
Landed gentry and links to parliament/power 1797 Unlawful Oaths Act

137
Q

06/02/17

Positives to the growth of unionism and co-operation and government reaction to it

A

8% of England’s population was a member of a friendly society
First effective national union had massive support
Negotiation took place about wages and hours of work
Over 500,000 members of the GNCTU (grand national consolidated trades union)

138
Q

06/02/17

Negatives to the growth of unionism and co-operation

A

Couldn’t challenge government
Pitt’s government made it illegal to form combinations
Government made it illegal to fulfil a contract of work punishable by imprisonment
Unions dieing out due to cash shortages and lack of co-ordination

139
Q

07/02/17

Why was it difficult to form a national trade union before 1850?

A

Combination acts made trade unions illegal

Employees oppose trade unions

140
Q

07/02/17

Which unions joined together in 1851 to form the Amalgamated Society of Engineers

A

The old mechanics, the steam engine makes society

141
Q

07/02/17

Name two characteristics of New Model Unionism

A

Protect the rights of skilled workers and to charge a membership tax for striking workers

142
Q

07/02/17

Why was the ASE successful where the GNCTU had failed

A

Allowed it to compete more effectively with employers and they had money to encourage skills

143
Q

07/02/17

Why did Britain’s position as ‘the workshop of the world’ create the conditions for an expansion in New Model Unionism

A

Wanted more skilled labourers. Skilled unions like the ASE acquired significant leverage because their skills were in demand

144
Q

07/02/17

Why did the Liberal Party support the New Model Unionism

A

So they could tap into the support of the large memberships that the ASE commanded

145
Q

07/02/17

Why was New Model unionism not a success for working-class unity?

A

Said one class was higher than others so the working class feel left out and let down by unions

146
Q

09/02/17

What is the difference between trade union Congress and new model unions

A

New model unions are about individual workers

147
Q

09/02/17

What is a trade union Congress (TUC)

A

To help individual trade unions come together and their objectives; (to raise the quality of working life and promote equality for all) be met

148
Q

09/02/17

Short term, medium term and long term effects from the TUCS actions

A

Short term - began to unify workers, no change
Medium term - more talk about them - Royal Commission 1868-69, in favour of trade unions
Long term - positive, skilled workers became legally recognised, by 1876, TU had achieved for skilled workers to be accounted for

149
Q

20/02/17

Give dates associated with Robert Owen

A

New Lamarck mill was operated by Owen between 1799-1828
Lived 1771-1858
Formed cooperative movement 1821
GNCTU formed 1834

150
Q

20/02/17

State some of Robert Owens work

A

By 19, he was managing a cotton mill in Manchester
Bought the mill at New Lannarck
Set up the GNCTU
‘Father of English socialism’

151
Q

20/02/17

Two points about Owen’s life

A

From Wales, son of an iron monger

1799, married a daughter of a successful businessman

152
Q

20/02/17

Give the philosophies of Owen’s life

A

Religious free thinker
Became involved in philosophy groups who discussed the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and other writers of the enlightenments

153
Q

20/02/17

Give Owen’s achievements at New Lanark

A

Wanted to improve working conditions and life of workers
Wanted education for all in factories
Ordered the building of a school of under 10s instead of the employment route

154
Q

20/02/17

Given Owen’s achievements on the cooperative movement

A

Utopian communities
1825, sank much of capita, into ‘New Harmony’ - a cooperate group
Community attracted a diverse mixture of charlatans, vagrants and lazy theorists

155
Q

23/02/17

Why did the government introduce the Friendly Societies Act, 1793?

A

To regulate group activities that may pose a threat in the wake of the first revolution and then outbreak of war

156
Q

23/02/17

Why was the Act good for these groups of workers

A

They’ll become transparent and may reduce in number

157
Q

23/02/17

What % of the population was in a Friendly Society by 1803?

A

8%

158
Q

23/02/17

Who was excluded from joining a Friendly Society?

A

Poor workers such as the agricultural sector

159
Q

23/02/17

Despite government intention in the 1799 Combination Act what other benefits did Friendly Societies offer members

A

Legal funds

160
Q

23/02/17

How popular were friendly societies compared to trade unions by 1870?

A

Outnumbered from 4 to 1

161
Q

23/02/17

How did Friendly Societies mirror social attitudes by the mid 1800s?

A

Provided benefits to working people to make up for slow development of state welfare

162
Q

23/02/17

Why did the government pass a new Friendly Societies Act in 1855?

A

So they had to register with the government as authorities were taking greater interest

163
Q

23/02/17

What were the main reasons why people joined Friendly Societies in 19th century?

A

Mutual benefit

Sickness pay

164
Q

27/02/17

State the Rochdale principles

A

Profits should be divided pro rata upon the amount of purchases made by each member
‘One member one vote’
Women should be able to become members
Management of organisation should be in hands of elected leaders
Money should be provided by themselves and bear a fixed rate of interest
Only the best quality provisions procurable should be supplied to members
Full weight and measures should be given
Market value prices should be charged and no credit should be given
A defined percentage of profits should be allowed to education
Statements and balance sheets should be available to members upon request

165
Q

27/02/17

Aims of the Rochdale Pioneers

A

Working class wanted to stand up for themselves and by following Robert Peel proved people they were intelligent and understood what was happening

166
Q

27/02/17

Why was it difficult for co-operative shops to exist in a capitalist economy

A

Fear of pauperism, danger of crime, misery of incessant ill paid labour, uncertain employments

167
Q

27/02/17

Similarities between unionism and cooperation

A

Both wanting to benefit working class

168
Q

27/02/17

Differences between unionism and cooperation

A 
Cooperation:
Everyone works together
Legal entities, sanctioned by the state
Pool capital and resources
Shares profits between customers as dividends 
Unions:
Government hated TUs
Looks after employees and battles for them
Pool labour
169
Q

28/02/17

Why did Elizabeth I bring in the 1601 poor law

A 
Population rise during Tudor times 
Economic pressures
The poor were left without help
Poor harvests in 1590s - more unemployed and hungry
Begging had worsened
170
Q

28/02/17

Key aspects of poor law act of 1601 (which algamated all previous acts)

A

Parish of birth to look after poor
Compulsory poor rate to be levied on every parish
Creation of overseers of relief
Creation of categories of poor
Collection of a poor relief rent from property owners

171
Q

28/02/17

Why was the poor law act introduced

A

Because there was a concern for social stability, as it was widely believed that the prescience of large member states of unemployed poor was a potential threat to law and order

172
Q

28/02/17

Who was made responsible for the poor by the poor law act

A

The state took responsibility for the poor who couldn’t look after themselves

173
Q

28/02/17

Define indigent

A

Unable to provide for themselves through no fault of their own

174
Q

28/02/17

How were indigent people to be helped after the poor law act

A

Poorhouses would be built to accommodate them

175
Q

28/02/17

How were the able bodied poor to be helped after the poor law act

A

They were to be provided with suitable work, or if none was available - support (cash or food)

176
Q

28/02/17

How was the money for the poor relief to be raised because of the poor law act

A

Through rates, a local tax based on property values

177
Q

28/02/17

What was the role of an overseer and parish vestry

A

Overseer - assessed rates and determined who was in need of assistance
Parish vestry - committee of ratepayer representatives

178
Q

28/02/17

What powers did the 17th century laws of settlement give to overseers

A

Gave overseers the right to send poor back to the parish of their birth if they believed they had arrived to claim ‘poor relief’

179
Q

28/02/17

Name 2 things gilbert’s act of 1782 allowed a parish to do

A

Parishes could group together to form larger poor law authorities
Gave legal support to the practice of giving relief to the able bodied unemployed without forcing them to do some sort of work

180
Q

28/02/17

What was the speenhamland system

A

The practice of subsiding the wages of those in work, rather than just supporting those without work

181
Q

28/02/17

Why did the speenhamland system become widely used in England and Wales in the 1790s

A

Wage support was not an entirely new feature and although many magistrates in counties other than Berkshire now shared the same concerns about wide spread distress, the approaches they adopted varied

182
Q

28/02/17

Give one positive and one negative of the old poor law

A

Positive - genuine attempts to deal with the worst attempts of poverty in the area
Negative - wasn’t an early version of the welfare state with standard, nationwide levels of provision

183
Q

28/02/17

What is meant by absolute poverty

A

Where a person doesn’t have the minimum amount of income needed to live a basic existence (e.g. adults who have a BMI that is under 17)

184
Q

28/02/17

What is meant by relative poverty?

A

Where people lack the minimum amount of income needed to maintain the average standard of living in any given society in which they live

185
Q

06/03/17

What is meant by utilitarianism

A

The idea that government action should be based on doing the greatest good to the greatest amount of people. It is based on the theory that an action is morally right if its consequences lead to happiness (absence of pain) and wrong if it ends in unhappiness (pain)

186
Q

06/03/17

What has utilitarianism been associated with

A 
1833 factory act
1834 poor law amendment act
1835 prison act
1835 municipal corporations act 
1839 committee on education 
1845 lunacy act
1848 public health act
187
Q

09/03/17

Strengths of the Royal Commission

A

Magistrates, overseers and clergymen interviewed
Parish records examined
13% of the total population received relief

188
Q

09/03/17

Weaknesses of the Royal Commission

A

Fact finding visits to 3,000 parishes out of a total of 15,000
Commissioners sent out questionnaires to 15,000 parishes but only 10% replied
Most relief went to the deserving poor rather than able-bodied males
Didn’t interview poor people

189
Q

13/03/17

Strengths of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 and the Commission

A
  • 3 commissioners working from Somerset house in London (Thomas Frankland Lewis - a Tory MP, George Nichols an ex overseer of Old Poor Law, John Shaw Leferve - a lawyer)
  • 9 assistant commissioners were appointed to make sure regulations were adhered to at the local level
  • it had the power to monitor, issue directives to the parishes to follow the law
  • could veto appointments, set diets and generally make life difficult for parishes that opposed the implementation of the act
190
Q

13/03/17

Weaknesses of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 and the Commission

A
  • parliament did nt set out how the act was to be implemented, just the structure of how the commission was to work. So there was much argument between commissioners and parishes over what parliament had wanted
  • Chadwick became the secretary but he had expected to be made a commissioner - maybe accounts for why recommendations were vague as he expected to implement them. He clashed with the 3 commissioners
  • commission was independent of parliament, a weakness as it could not defend itself from criticism
  • the powers it did have were negative and it had no power to make parishes stick to the law
  • it was hated in the parishes
191
Q

13/03/17

What type of people worked in the workhouse after the 1834 act

A
  • workhouses provided long and short term care
  • young people
  • children made up 25-40% of admissions
  • mentally ill
  • less deserving poor
  • elderly
  • single women
192
Q

13/03/17

What was life like in the workhouse

A
  • no variance, too much of a routine
  • wanted to restore employees to outside workforce
  • designed to segregate employees - did this for no distractions during work
  • sent children out to work aged 9 - goes against government policy
  • no education until 1870
  • children were a burden on the state
  • bread and cheese for most dinners
  • not starving
  • such basic jobs so punishment to more skilled labourers
  • same type of work given to prisoners
  • had a loss of identity and just became a unit
193
Q

14/03/17

What was the biggest incident that happened at Andover Workhouse Scandal 1845

A

Employees had to crush up animal bones to make fertiliser and the employees ate the rotten meat off the bone and rotten marrow in the bone as they were starving

194
Q

20/03/17

List the factors which led to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807

A 
Economics 
Slave resistance 
The role of white people compared to the role of black people
Christianity 
Individuals
Parliament/political change
195
Q

20/03/17

State the arguments against the slave trade in the late 18th century

A

The moral argument: enslavement is wicked, un-Christian
The economic argument: enslavement is expensive and inefficient
The legal argument: enslavement is illegal under British law
Problems on the plantation: enslaved people continue to resist enslavement and wouldn’t be suppressed

196
Q

20/03/17

Where was the transatlantic slave trade organised

A

A 3 point circuit and so is commonly called the ‘triangular trade’. Risks were high, but on a ‘good’ voyage, a profit could be made at each point of the triangular trade

197
Q

28/03/17

What is meant by Quakers

A

These are members of a group called the Society of Friends with Christian roots that began in England in the 1650s

198
Q

28/03/17

What is meant by Methodists

A

These are non-conformist because it does not conform to the rules of the established Church of England

199
Q

28/03/17

What is meant by Evangelists

A

These people believe in spreading Christian gospel by public preaching or personal witness

200
Q

28/03/17

What is meant by Unitarians

A

This is an open-minded approach to religion that gives scope for a very wide range of beliefs and doubts

201
Q

28/03/17

How did Quakers contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade

A

Founded in 1650s by George Fox
Believed God was found in every human being and because of this they didn’t need a clergy
Leader in early anti-slavery movement
1783 petition to end slavery but only got 273 signatures
International movement with small, local groups
Members wrote pamphlets which allowed them to show slavery was against Christian and British values

202
Q

28/03/17

How did Methodists contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade

A

Very popular with middle class
Inclusive to women especially in towns
Part of the abolition movement
Leader was John Wesley - who visited the USA in 1760s which made him want to end slavery
Encouraged people to boycott sugar for slaves

203
Q

28/03/17

How did Unitarians contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade

A

Believe in one God rather than the trinity
Grew out of protestant reformation in the 16th century
First to accept women
Concerned with social justice
William Smith (1756 - 1835) was a leading Unitarian in the abolition of the slave trade campaign, member of parliament, closely associated with Wilberforce, had 3 major concerns: 1) abolition of slave trade, 2) abolition of all religious tests, 3) parliamentary reform
William Roscoe (1753 - 1831), Liverpool Unitarian

204
Q

28/03/17

How did Evangelists contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade

A

Clapham Sect
Anglican laymen
Used high status networks both inside and outside of parliament to bring about the end of Britain’s involvement in the slave trade
Saw slavery as sinful

205
Q

30/03/17

Key points about the sugar boycott

A

Consumers used their purchasing power to reject the trade in goods
Public refused to buy sugar
Female led sugar boycott
Anti-slavery messages and pamphlets
1791 - thousands of pamphlets produced
300,000 to 400,000 people mainly women refused to buy sugar
Modern media printing of pamphlets

206
Q

30/03/17

Key points about the Brookes slave ship

A

320 tonnes
451 slaves can be stored using every available space
Each slave had 40cm wide to lie in
On one voyage the Brookes carried 600 slaves
Model of ship done by Thomas Clarkson to shock public to bring about political reform
7,000 posters

207
Q

30/03/17

Name the most famous 6 female abolitionists

A 
Phyliss Wheatley (1753 - 1784)
Ann Yearsley (1752 - 1806)
Amelia Opie (1791 - 1844)
Hannah More (1745 - 1833)
Mary Birkett Card (1774 - 1817)
208
Q

30/03/17

What did Phyliss Wheatley do to be an abolitionist

A

First black women in Britain to have a book published
Kidnapped and taken to USA at age 8
Poems published in London in 1773

209
Q

30/03/17

What did Ann Yearsley do to be an abolitionist

A

Wrote a poem

Published anti-slavery books

210
Q

30/03/17

What did Amelia Opie do to be an abolitionist

A

Poem addressed to children

Wrote about humanitarian issues

211
Q

30/03/17

What did Hannah More do to be an abolitionist

A

Social reformer
Wrote on abolitions
Encouraged women to join the anti-slavery movement
Friends with Wilberforce
Gave the abolition movement a public voice
Coincided Wilberforce’s parliamentary campaign

212
Q

30/03/17

What did May Birkett Card do to be an abolitionist

A

Poem on African slave trade (wrote this when she was just 17)
Unique as it’s directed only at women

213
Q

How did the role of slave ship revolts explain the abolition of the slave trade

A

Rebellious nature
Violent uprising in present day Haiti, Britain formed a conservative backlash and strengthened the pro slavery lobby
Measures were taken after Haiti to minimise the likelihood of rebellion

214
Q

How did William Pitt have his input in the abolition of the slave trade

A

He shifted his support against the slaves, thereby losing the movement key support

215
Q

How did the role of war explain the abolition of the slave trade

A

Britain was feeling the pressure from the Industrial Revolution
Waging a war against a revolutionary government
Slave conditions improved because of Haiti

216
Q

How did the role of governments explain the abolition of the slave trade

A

Pressured political climate
Britain was faced with tremendous difficulties which made great demands upon the country
Britain lost a major colony
War against revolutionary government means a threaten to the British political system
Rebellion cost the government and pressured it too
Parliament refused to change the system for the slave
Economics collapsed and violence spread to further colonies

217
Q

How did the role of plantation results explain the abolition of the slave trade

A

Rose up and attacked owners
1,000 plantations burned 12,000 people killed of which 2,000 were of European descent
Level of destruction and high mortality rate gave the events in Haiti a world audience that shuddered at the extent of violence that was generated
Poor treatment to slaves on board ships. Frequency of revolts was increasing

History AS (5 decks)

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