British History Flashcards
1
Q
08/09/16
What are the top 3 factors that caused the industrial revolution
A
Trade networks, technology, population
2
Q
12/09/16
Why did a surge in population help in the British industrial revolution
A
It brought lots of banks into business which also meant smaller businesses could be established due a growing population of people bringing new ideas
3
Q
12/09/16
How did trade networks help in the British industrial revolution
A
Ships would carry coal to London
At the end of the 1700’s canals offered significant improvements for the movements of resources but this was a slow system which could not keep up with the demand
4
Q
12/09/16
What raw material was close to the surface and easily mined
A
Coal
5
Q
12/09/16
How did Britain as a peaceful country help in the British industrial revolution
A
The countries ruler at the time somehow avoided the mistakes of their continental counterparts
6
Q
12/09/16
What did Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin) make
A
Made flushing toilets and steam powered rotary wheel for the mines
7
Q
12/09/16
How did changes to banking encourage investment in the British industrial revolution
A
Secure financial basis allowed capital to be available to fund business ventures (start up and running costs)
Bank of England established 1694
800 banks by 1808 which signifies both the rapid growth of the business sector and banking
8
Q
12/09/16
What changes happened in agriculture during the British industrial revolution
A
New farming systems created. This produced larger quantities of crops to feed the growing population
Land was of great political and economic significance
9
Q
15/09/16
What are arguments against the extense in the industrial revolution
A
Transformation in the economy
Growth of national income remained slow
Firms only employed 50 people typically, most of whom were not machine operative
Small scale, labour intensive
10
Q
15/09/16
Arguments for growing extensive in the industrial revolution
A
Manufacturing in small towns and cities
Small family firms dominated over large partnerships or shareholdings
11
Q
15/09/16
What was the government’s first attitude towards the industrial development
A
They didn’t involve themselves in a significant role in industrialisation. This was given a lot of merit, particularly before the political reforms of the 1830’s
12
Q
15/09/16
What did the British state do that it claimed it didn’t
A
Despite a seemingly slow rate of action, the British state did actively engage with industrialisation and ensured its success and eventual improvement
13
Q
15/09/16
Parliament was dominated by landed interests. What is meant by landed interests
A
People who own thousands of acreage and had power, like aristocrats
14
Q
15/09/16
What did the Combination Acts in 1799 and 1800 make it illegal to do
A
Form unions
15
Q
15/09/16
What does the Master and Servant Act of 1823 make
A
The failure to fulfil a contrast of work a crime punishable with imprisonment
16
Q
15/09/16
What did public policy complement
A
Private industry, especially in the development of Britain’s new infrastructure such as robust water supply and railways
17
Q
15/09/16
After the consolidation of private enterprise, what did the government undertake
A
Regulation to promote long term stability
18
Q
19/09/16
What does the term middle class mean
A
People that could encounter wealth and responsibility through working but wouldn’t necessarily have a lot of land
19
Q
19/09/16
Who belonged to the middle class and what jobs/roles did they have?
A
Self-made men who earned their wealth from trades and developing service industries
20
Q
19/09/16
What did the middle class believe in
A
Owning their own home (what their home was worth)
Sending their children off to a good school
Having a good, well paid job
21
Q
19/09/16
Who were the middle class and how did they live?
A
Monthly/yearly salaries rather than hourly
Evidence : Middle class had servants to cook and clean
1851 - 1871 increase of servants from 900,000 to 1.4 million
Small but rising middle class with responsibilities
Professional success = result of person’s energy
22
Q
22/09/16
What does MC and WC mean
A
MC - middle class WC - working class
23
Q
22/09/16
What is the political aspects to Marxist theory
A
MC have more money so want more power
Distribution of political power is determined by power over production (capital)
24
Q
22/09/16
What are the social aspects to Marxist theory
A
Families became more separated due to constant working
25
22/09/16
What are the 3 social structures according to Marx
Bourgeoisie (higher class)
Landowners (middle class)
Poletariat (working class)
26
22/09/16
What are the economic aspects to the Marxist theory
Family had to provide for each other
27
22/09/16
What type of school contributed most to the Industrial Revolution
Social change school
28
22/09/16
How did a social change school contribute to the Industrial Revolution
Positives and negatives are recognised about putting forward this change, especially in the standard of living debates
29
22/09/16
What did Marx believe in
Class is determined by what you own, not your gender or income
30
22/09/16
| ```
What are the 3 class structures explained
Bourgeoisie, Landowners and Proletariat
```
Bourgeoisie (owns machinery and factory buildings, income is profit)
Landowners (income is rent)
Proletariat (own labour and sell for wages)
31
27/09/16
What were the main social problems associated with housing
Rooms only 4 metres wide
'back' house is even poorer living
Low building costs and low quality
Use candles/oil lamps because there was low natural light which encouraged respiratory issues
32
27/09/16
What were the main issues with sanitation
Drainage systems available was insufficient to meet the demand
If toilets are built without solid bottoms, the liquid waste would contaminate the water
Toilets may not be emptied enough because of the cost
33
27/09/16
What were the main problems with disease
Outbreaks of influenza and cholera
Influenza epidermis were commonplace during the 1800s
First major cholera outbreak in Britain in Sunderland in 1831
Cholera killed 32,000 people in 1 year
34
27/09/16
What were the role children played in mines, mills and factories
1820, 40% of population under 15 and most sent to work
Firs time kids were able to document their thoughts
First generation of British kids to work
'White slaves of England'-1870
35
27/09/16
What did children get told when they arrived to work at the cotton mills
They would be ladies and gentlemen with lots of money in their pockets
36
27/09/16
What did children find lots of that helped people like James Watt establish his idea of the steam engine into practice
Raw materials
37
27/09/16
What were the Manchester cotton mills like in 1842
Filthy
Defiance of considerations of cleanliness, ventilation and health
Little space for humans to work and breathe in
'Hell upon Earth'
38
27/09/16
What was the Great Exhibition like in London in 1851
```
No dogs/smoking
Every modern convenience
Filtered water
Free samples
Unique experience
```
39
08/09/16
Why was technology, population and trade networks good in the industrial revolution
The more people there are, the better the trade networks and the more technological ideas
40
12/09/16
What did Thomas Newcomber do
Built water pumps so the mines didn't flood. Insufficient but cheap energy
41
03/10/16
Why did men earn more money than women per month
People believed men had more authority and power so were given the higher paid jobs
42
10/10/16
What were the years were the Luddites were based in Nottingham, Lancashire and Yorkshire
Nottingham - 1811
Yorkshire - 1812
Lancashire - 1813
43
10/10/16
Why was the movement from the Luddites created
The textiles workers were worried because of the increased use of technology within the textile industry (loss of jobs)
44
10/10/16
How did the Luddites get the government to notice them
They took their anger out on the new machines
45
11/10/16
What was a swing riot aim
To achieve higher wages and to put an end to the threshing machine which destroyed their winter employment
46
11/10/16
When were the swing riots
Mid 1820's
47
11/10/16
How did the government treat the swing riot people
Hanged 9 men
| Transported nearly 500
48
11/10/16
What was agricultural hiring like in the 1820's
Hiring was on a casual basis
No payment if no work was done
Employed for short periods like harvesting
No guarantee of work
49
11/10/16
Why was there a deflation after 1815 and after the French wars
Increasing population
| Development of agricultural machinery
50
11/10/16
What were the methods of protest/self defence against landowners
Turn to crime such as poaching
Turn to terrorism
Turn to machine breaking
Protest against wage cuts and/or demand higher wages
51
11/10/16
When and who were the tolpuddle martyrs
1834
| Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle
52
11/10/16
What did the Tolpuddle Martyrs do and why was this wrong
Each swore to a secret oath to help protect their income. This was illegal
(Income was 10 shillings a week but had been known to drop to 7 shillings a week)
53
11/10/16
How many men were the Tolpuddle Martyrs tried before and what was their occupation
All male 12 jury that were farmers
54
11/10/16
What were the results of the Tolpuddle Martyrs after a 2 day trial
Guilty
Sentenced to 7 years in a penal colony in Australia
They would then be sold on as slaves
This was the maximum sentence possible
55
11/10/16
When and who were involved in the Pentrich rising
9th June 1817
| Hundreds of villagers from Pentrich in Derbyshire
56
11/10/16
What was the Pentrich rising
Rebellion against the Crown
| Stones were thrown at the Prince Regent's carriage as he left Parliament
57
11/10/16
What was the Pentrich rising known as
The last revolution in England but more accurately a government inspired provocation to action, designed to justify this by force
58
11/10/16
Where did the Pentrich rising start from and to
From Pentrich, Derbyshire to Nottingham with a view to go to London
59
11/10/16
Why did the Pentrich rising happen
England suffered great economic, social and political problems from the war with France in 1814
Some of these occurred because of the Corn Laws that kept prices high
60
11/10/16
What was the impact of the Pentrich rising
Public meetings forbidden, except under licence from magistrates
61
11/10/16
What did the Blanketeers do and when
Hunger march to London from Manchester in 1817 led by a group of protesters
62
11/10/16
Who was the march of the Blanketeers made up from
Spinners and weavers from Manchester's vast industrial sector
63
11/10/16
What happened to the main organisers, Baguley and Drummond
Arrested and held under the riot act and many of their followers were arrested shortly after
64
11/10/16
How many men were arrested in total
200
65
11/10/16
What did the crowd consist of
Under paid workers and the unemployed
66
11/10/16
Where and when was Peterloo Massacre
St Peter's field, Manchester
| 16th August 1819
67
11/10/16
What are the main points about the Peterloo Massacre
Speaker : Henry Hunt
60,000 people involved to demand parliamentary reform
18 people killed
400 wounded
Yeomanry ordered by a local magistrates to disperse the crowd using a sabre charge
68
11/10/16
What are the 6 acts of 1819
Speedy trials
Increased penalties for seditious libel
Stamp duty imposed on all magazines
Public meetings limited
Training of people to use firearms prohibited
Magistrates given increase power to search properties
69
11/10/16
What is the combination act of 1799-1800
Made trade unions illegal although laws aren't affected
70
11/10/16
What is used by the government to help with the Pentrich uprising
Large scale use of spies aswell as agents provocateurs
71
11/10/16
What does the government ban in 1817
Large meetings
72
13/10/16
How did laissez faire oppose reform
Believed it was wrong to interfere in the free working economy
No competition and free trade by government was best way to achieve success
73
20/10/16
How did government improve public health in the 19th century
Public health Act 1848 - although many things weren't compulsory so local people didn't bother doing anything
Built back to back houses because it was cheap - but this encouraged overcrowding
Public Health Act 1878 - compulsory acts like draining water and health doctors
74
20/10/16
How did technology improved public health in the 19th century
No sewers or toilets just a hole in the ground so this caused diseases to spread
Years later, wasted was dispersed into a bucket under the toilet seat
75
20/10/16
How did people educate themselves about on how to improve public health in the 19th century
By working out the best methods on how disease didn't spread as much
76
20/10/16
What individual helped to improve significantly in the 19th century
Local doctor was Henry Dalton
Tried to pin down the cause of cholera
Made a connection between how people live in back to back housing and cholera
77
31/10/16
What were the top 4 factors as to why parliament wasn't fit for purpose in the late 18th century
Patronage
Boroughs
Counties
Elections and the electorate
78
31/10/16
What is patronage and give an example
This is the practice of sponsoring someone's ambitions either by funding them or using influence to promote them
Eg/ 1785 when MP's were supported financially by Lords to become an MP
79
31/10/16
Key points about the boroughs
Urban towns
| Elected 2 MP's but still given the individuality of towns
80
31/10/16
What are the 6 groups of people who can vote
```
Cooperation
Freemen
Scot and lot
Burgage
Potwalloper
Freeholder
```
81
31/10/16
Who in a corporation can vote
Members of the town council
82
31/10/16
How can you get a freeman status
Through a persons father, marriage or an honour
83
31/10/16
Who can vote in a Scot and lot situation
Anyone who paid poor rates
84
31/10/16
What situation is it where rent is paid to a property in the boroughs and the owners of the property is able to vote
Burgage
85
31/10/16
Who can vote in a potwalloper situation
Householders who had a hearth that was big enough to boil a pot on
86
31/10/16
What is a freeholder situation
Similar franchise as the counties
87
31/10/16
What is meant by counties and give the key points
Rural shores in Britain which elected 2 MP's for Westminster
Based on the 1430 act of Parliament in which people needed counties ownership of a freehold property
Could earn 40 shillings a year so Scotland had to adjust to inflation
Counties only had 2 MP's regardless of size or population
88
31/10/16
What is meant by a secret ballot
This is a method of voting whereby the voter can cast their vote anonymously or in private
89
31/10/16
What is meant by a pocket borough
A small borough which could easily be manipulated or controlled by the prominent family or landowner of the area through bribery
90
31/10/16
What is meant by a rotten borough
A small town or hamlet that used to be a prominent settlement in the Middle Ages but over time declined in stature
91
01/11/16
What were the economic impacts on France because of the French Revolution
People with money didn't have to pay taxes
Rich and populous country
1789 - France was deeply in debt so Louis XVI paid half of the national budget to pay off debts
92
01/11/16
What were the political impacts from the French Revolution
Estate generals were the closest thing they had to a national parliament
System made economic contractions difficult on the poor
Killed people in order to reign people into the assembly
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France
93
01/11/16
Social aspects of the French Revolution
Radical approaches to abolishing unequal taxes
Invaded Austria for grain and wealth
Louis XVI dead, first part of terror of the Revolution started
French Revolution not very revolutionary
94
01/11/16
Key points about the tories in late 18th century Britain
Started around 1680
Wealthy landowners
Members of the aristocracy
North, Pitt and Liverpool were people who supported the king and the Church of England
95
01/11/16
Key points about the whigs in the late 18th century Britain
Originated around 1680
Wealthy landowners
Members of the aristocracy
Responsible for removing James II from the throne in 1688 and restricting the power of the monarchy through the bill of rights (1689)
Charles James fox and Edmund Burke supported religious liberty and parliament
96
03/11/16
How did Pitt respond to the French Revolution
1792 - Thomas Paine's book is banned
1793 - trails of radical reformers in Scotland
1799 - bans on radical societies
Tax on newspapers which made the poor not able to buy them
Support to Britain's Allies - £9million to Austria and Prussia
97
14/11/16
When did Lord Liverpool resign and why
February 1827
| He had a stroke
98
14/11/16
When did Tories lose to Whigs and who was their leader
After 11 months in August 1828
| Duke of Wellington
99
14/11/16
When did the Torie party divide and why
In 1829 by supporting Catholic Emancipation
100
14/11/16
Who were the Whigs under and when did the Tories open the door to reform
Under Earl Grey
| Reform on 1st March 1831
101
14/11/16
What were the impacts of the resignation of Grey
```
King asked Wellington to form a new Tory government
Middle class were frustrated and withdrew their savings and investment from banks. In 10 days, more than £1.8million was removed
```
102
14/11/16
What wre the main arguments for reform
People wanted the vote (middle class and working class)
Older system was unfair
Rotten boroughs
103
14/11/16
What were the arguments against reform
Lose power
Working class aren't educated
Traditional system
Most people didn't have the vote but we're represented by landlords
104
17/11/16
What change happened in Britain from the 1832 reform act
```
A turning point in political history
Middle class gets vote
Sorts out some of the inequalities in the system
Voter registration required
Party organisation/activism
2 party system
```
105
17/11/16
What continuity occurred from the 1832 reform act
```
Same political parties retain power
Middle class don't become MPs
Landed gentry/aristocracy still rule parliament
Working class ignored
Landowners retained (and in some cases extended) power
Patronage continues
```
106
17/11/16
What did the reform act of 1832 achieve
Electorate almost doubled from 366,000 to 650,000 to 18% of adult male population
Clarified in statute that voting was restricted to men only
Voters had to be registered
Towns/cities previously under represented were now represented (e.g. Leeds, Manchester)
Nation states more represented (Scotland got 8 extra seats in parliament but still proportionally fewer voters than England)
County seats gains outnumbered borough seats
Majority of new voters were either tenant farmers in the counties or shop keepers, clerks in the boroughs
107
17/11/16
What happened to boroughs and counties due to the reform act
Remained distinct from each other
108
17/11/16
What happened to boroughs because of the reform act
Vote now uniform for adult males owning/renting property worth £10/year provided not in receipt of poor relief and up to date with taxes
Existing voters could retain their vote but lost the right to pass this on to their heirs
56 boroughs in England and Wales disenfranchised
30 boroughs lost one of their two MPs
42 boroughs created
109
17/11/16
What happened to the counties because of the reform act
County seats increased from 92 to 159
Vote to males owning freehold property worth £2/year
Vote given to males who owned copyhold land worth £10/year
Vote to males renting land worth £50/year (due to the Chandos clause which was a Tory amendment to the act)
110
21/11/16
What was Chartism?
A working class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848
111
21/11/16
What was the aims of Chartism?
Parliamentary reform
Votes to everyone and political reform
Equal representation
Improve economic conditions of working people
112
21/11/16
What are the individuals dates of the 6 points of the charter
```
A vote for every man over 21 - 1918
Secret ballot - 1872
MPs don't have to own property - 1858
MPs will be paid - 1911
Equal voting constituencies - 1885
An election every year for parliament - not elected
```
113
28/11/16
Why did the working class feel let down by the reform act 1832
```
It didn't give the vote to working classes
The working class felt increasingly betrayed by the middle class and parliament
```
114
29/11/16
Dates and events to do with chartism
Reform act (1832)
Poor law amendment act (1834)
Municipal corporations act (1835)
London working men's association (1836)
Publication of the people's charter (1838)
Armed uprising in Newport and first chartist position presented to parliament (1839)
115
28/11/16
Why did the working class feel let down by the factory act 1833
Didn't succeed in the 10 hour day. Men and women would still have to work long hours
116
28/11/16
Why did the working class feel let down by the poor law amendment act 1834
The government still wouldn't pass better working conditions and wouldn't pay for the working class. The government shoved working class in factories and workhouses
117
28/11/16
Why did the working class feel let down by the government and print media act 1836
Newspapers had to pay a government stamp duty. This meant that the radical newspapers weren't available to the working class as they couldn't afford them so were excluded
118
28/11/16
Main leaders to do with Chartism
Fergus O'Connor
Henry Hetherington
John Frost - respected figure
119
28/11/16
Who were the members of Chartism
```
Majority working class
Usually craftsmen and skilled workers
```
120
28/11/16
Strengths and weaknesses of chartism
Strengths - mass support
The chartists came from all walks of life
Achieved 5/6 charter points within 100 years of them being passed
Got more than enough signatures for points to pass
Weaknesses - lack of organisation and communication
Could be violent or uncertain of their aims in the start
121
12/01/17
When and what is the reform union
1864
They sought to extend the franchise to include all male ratepayers, promote an equal distribution of seats and establish a secret ballot. They were very liberal
122
12/01/17
When and what is the reform league
1865
| They were more radical and campaigned for universal manhood suffrage but still fairly moderate in some respect
123
12/01/17
How did political attitudes change
```
1859 - liberals returned to power
MP John Bright tried to improve working class rights
```
124
12/01/17
What happened because of Gladstone's reform bill in 1866
The moderate bill reduced borough franchise to £7 a year. The counties had a £50 qualification fee that was reduced to £14 per annum
125
12/01/17
What was the impact of the second reform at 1867
```
Disraeli was a modern politician
Electoral defeat for Disraeli in 1868
Proved to all that the working class had their own minds and would vote for who they thought was the best
```
126
19/01/17
What was the immediate impact of the 1867 reform act on the political situation
Electoral defeat for Disraeli in 1868
1 million more votes = 2.46 million voters
British political system became more honest and professional
Less corruption in the system
127
19/01/17
What were the forces that promoted changes to be made in the 19th century
Pressure groups (Tolpuddle martyrs), hunger politics (1831 Bristol riots), protests (10 hour movement)
128
19/01/17
What were the motivations of those in power when they considered making changes to the political system
Beating rivals (1867 Disraeli & Gladstone), prevention of uprisings (giving away power in small amounts)
129
19/01/17
Did the reforms that were offered significantly alter the nature of the political system
Reducing rotten boroughs (1867 reform act, secret ballot act)
130
19/01/17
Are there any strongly consistent features running through the period
People willing to use violence to get their way (Luddites, Chartists)
131
19/01/17
What was the 1872 ballot act
Allowed secret ballots and to deal with the problem of electoral malpractice
132
30/01/17
What is the main thing a trade union does
Protect the rights of its members (pension, maternity)
133
30/01/17
How did the Industrial Revolution cause the growth of trade unions
Working conditions were poor
| Emergence of factory systems
134
30/01/17
How did the French Revolution cause the growth of trade unions
Created the environment for economic discontent to grow
| Rising food prices made the cost of living higher - which made wages more of a focus for families
135
30/01/17
How did the government cause the growth of trade union
Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 banned forming unions and large meetings
136
06/02/17
Factors that stopped the Tolpuddle Martyrs
Swing riots 1830s
Local magistrates
Trade unionism seeping into agricultural areas/work
Role of landed gentry in agricultural areas
Landed gentry and links to parliament/power 1797 Unlawful Oaths Act
137
06/02/17
Positives to the growth of unionism and co-operation and government reaction to it
8% of England's population was a member of a friendly society
First effective national union had massive support
Negotiation took place about wages and hours of work
Over 500,000 members of the GNCTU (grand national consolidated trades union)
138
06/02/17
Negatives to the growth of unionism and co-operation
Couldn't challenge government
Pitt's government made it illegal to form combinations
Government made it illegal to fulfil a contract of work punishable by imprisonment
Unions dieing out due to cash shortages and lack of co-ordination
139
07/02/17
Why was it difficult to form a national trade union before 1850?
Combination acts made trade unions illegal
| Employees oppose trade unions
140
07/02/17
Which unions joined together in 1851 to form the Amalgamated Society of Engineers
The old mechanics, the steam engine makes society
141
07/02/17
Name two characteristics of New Model Unionism
Protect the rights of skilled workers and to charge a membership tax for striking workers
142
07/02/17
Why was the ASE successful where the GNCTU had failed
Allowed it to compete more effectively with employers and they had money to encourage skills
143
07/02/17
Why did Britain's position as 'the workshop of the world' create the conditions for an expansion in New Model Unionism
Wanted more skilled labourers. Skilled unions like the ASE acquired significant leverage because their skills were in demand
144
07/02/17
Why did the Liberal Party support the New Model Unionism
So they could tap into the support of the large memberships that the ASE commanded
145
07/02/17
Why was New Model unionism not a success for working-class unity?
Said one class was higher than others so the working class feel left out and let down by unions
146
09/02/17
What is the difference between trade union Congress and new model unions
New model unions are about individual workers
147
09/02/17
What is a trade union Congress (TUC)
To help individual trade unions come together and their objectives; (to raise the quality of working life and promote equality for all) be met
148
09/02/17
Short term, medium term and long term effects from the TUCS actions
Short term - began to unify workers, no change
Medium term - more talk about them - Royal Commission 1868-69, in favour of trade unions
Long term - positive, skilled workers became legally recognised, by 1876, TU had achieved for skilled workers to be accounted for
149
20/02/17
Give dates associated with Robert Owen
New Lamarck mill was operated by Owen between 1799-1828
Lived 1771-1858
Formed cooperative movement 1821
GNCTU formed 1834
150
20/02/17
State some of Robert Owens work
By 19, he was managing a cotton mill in Manchester
Bought the mill at New Lannarck
Set up the GNCTU
'Father of English socialism'
151
20/02/17
Two points about Owen's life
From Wales, son of an iron monger
| 1799, married a daughter of a successful businessman
152
20/02/17
Give the philosophies of Owen's life
Religious free thinker
Became involved in philosophy groups who discussed the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and other writers of the enlightenments
153
20/02/17
Give Owen's achievements at New Lanark
Wanted to improve working conditions and life of workers
Wanted education for all in factories
Ordered the building of a school of under 10s instead of the employment route
154
20/02/17
Given Owen's achievements on the cooperative movement
Utopian communities
1825, sank much of capita, into 'New Harmony' - a cooperate group
Community attracted a diverse mixture of charlatans, vagrants and lazy theorists
155
23/02/17
Why did the government introduce the Friendly Societies Act, 1793?
To regulate group activities that may pose a threat in the wake of the first revolution and then outbreak of war
156
23/02/17
Why was the Act good for these groups of workers
They'll become transparent and may reduce in number
157
23/02/17
What % of the population was in a Friendly Society by 1803?
8%
158
23/02/17
Who was excluded from joining a Friendly Society?
Poor workers such as the agricultural sector
159
23/02/17
Despite government intention in the 1799 Combination Act what other benefits did Friendly Societies offer members
Legal funds
160
23/02/17
How popular were friendly societies compared to trade unions by 1870?
Outnumbered from 4 to 1
161
23/02/17
How did Friendly Societies mirror social attitudes by the mid 1800s?
Provided benefits to working people to make up for slow development of state welfare
162
23/02/17
Why did the government pass a new Friendly Societies Act in 1855?
So they had to register with the government as authorities were taking greater interest
163
23/02/17
What were the main reasons why people joined Friendly Societies in 19th century?
Mutual benefit
| Sickness pay
164
27/02/17
State the Rochdale principles
Profits should be divided pro rata upon the amount of purchases made by each member
'One member one vote'
Women should be able to become members
Management of organisation should be in hands of elected leaders
Money should be provided by themselves and bear a fixed rate of interest
Only the best quality provisions procurable should be supplied to members
Full weight and measures should be given
Market value prices should be charged and no credit should be given
A defined percentage of profits should be allowed to education
Statements and balance sheets should be available to members upon request
165
27/02/17
Aims of the Rochdale Pioneers
Working class wanted to stand up for themselves and by following Robert Peel proved people they were intelligent and understood what was happening
166
27/02/17
Why was it difficult for co-operative shops to exist in a capitalist economy
Fear of pauperism, danger of crime, misery of incessant ill paid labour, uncertain employments
167
27/02/17
Similarities between unionism and cooperation
Both wanting to benefit working class
168
27/02/17
Differences between unionism and cooperation
```
Cooperation:
Everyone works together
Legal entities, sanctioned by the state
Pool capital and resources
Shares profits between customers as dividends
Unions:
Government hated TUs
Looks after employees and battles for them
Pool labour
```
169
28/02/17
Why did Elizabeth I bring in the 1601 poor law
```
Population rise during Tudor times
Economic pressures
The poor were left without help
Poor harvests in 1590s - more unemployed and hungry
Begging had worsened
```
170
28/02/17
Key aspects of poor law act of 1601 (which algamated all previous acts)
Parish of birth to look after poor
Compulsory poor rate to be levied on every parish
Creation of overseers of relief
Creation of categories of poor
Collection of a poor relief rent from property owners
171
28/02/17
Why was the poor law act introduced
Because there was a concern for social stability, as it was widely believed that the prescience of large member states of unemployed poor was a potential threat to law and order
172
28/02/17
Who was made responsible for the poor by the poor law act
The state took responsibility for the poor who couldn't look after themselves
173
28/02/17
Define indigent
Unable to provide for themselves through no fault of their own
174
28/02/17
How were indigent people to be helped after the poor law act
Poorhouses would be built to accommodate them
175
28/02/17
How were the able bodied poor to be helped after the poor law act
They were to be provided with suitable work, or if none was available - support (cash or food)
176
28/02/17
How was the money for the poor relief to be raised because of the poor law act
Through rates, a local tax based on property values
177
28/02/17
What was the role of an overseer and parish vestry
Overseer - assessed rates and determined who was in need of assistance
Parish vestry - committee of ratepayer representatives
178
28/02/17
What powers did the 17th century laws of settlement give to overseers
Gave overseers the right to send poor back to the parish of their birth if they believed they had arrived to claim 'poor relief'
179
28/02/17
Name 2 things gilbert's act of 1782 allowed a parish to do
Parishes could group together to form larger poor law authorities
Gave legal support to the practice of giving relief to the able bodied unemployed without forcing them to do some sort of work
180
28/02/17
What was the speenhamland system
The practice of subsiding the wages of those in work, rather than just supporting those without work
181
28/02/17
Why did the speenhamland system become widely used in England and Wales in the 1790s
Wage support was not an entirely new feature and although many magistrates in counties other than Berkshire now shared the same concerns about wide spread distress, the approaches they adopted varied
182
28/02/17
Give one positive and one negative of the old poor law
Positive - genuine attempts to deal with the worst attempts of poverty in the area
Negative - wasn't an early version of the welfare state with standard, nationwide levels of provision
183
28/02/17
What is meant by absolute poverty
Where a person doesn't have the minimum amount of income needed to live a basic existence (e.g. adults who have a BMI that is under 17)
184
28/02/17
What is meant by relative poverty?
Where people lack the minimum amount of income needed to maintain the average standard of living in any given society in which they live
185
06/03/17
What is meant by utilitarianism
The idea that government action should be based on doing the greatest good to the greatest amount of people. It is based on the theory that an action is morally right if its consequences lead to happiness (absence of pain) and wrong if it ends in unhappiness (pain)
186
06/03/17
What has utilitarianism been associated with
```
1833 factory act
1834 poor law amendment act
1835 prison act
1835 municipal corporations act
1839 committee on education
1845 lunacy act
1848 public health act
```
187
09/03/17
Strengths of the Royal Commission
Magistrates, overseers and clergymen interviewed
Parish records examined
13% of the total population received relief
188
09/03/17
Weaknesses of the Royal Commission
Fact finding visits to 3,000 parishes out of a total of 15,000
Commissioners sent out questionnaires to 15,000 parishes but only 10% replied
Most relief went to the deserving poor rather than able-bodied males
Didn't interview poor people
189
13/03/17
Strengths of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 and the Commission
- 3 commissioners working from Somerset house in London (Thomas Frankland Lewis - a Tory MP, George Nichols an ex overseer of Old Poor Law, John Shaw Leferve - a lawyer)
- 9 assistant commissioners were appointed to make sure regulations were adhered to at the local level
- it had the power to monitor, issue directives to the parishes to follow the law
- could veto appointments, set diets and generally make life difficult for parishes that opposed the implementation of the act
190
13/03/17
Weaknesses of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 and the Commission
- parliament did nt set out how the act was to be implemented, just the structure of how the commission was to work. So there was much argument between commissioners and parishes over what parliament had wanted
- Chadwick became the secretary but he had expected to be made a commissioner - maybe accounts for why recommendations were vague as he expected to implement them. He clashed with the 3 commissioners
- commission was independent of parliament, a weakness as it could not defend itself from criticism
- the powers it did have were negative and it had no power to make parishes stick to the law
- it was hated in the parishes
191
13/03/17
What type of people worked in the workhouse after the 1834 act
- workhouses provided long and short term care
- young people
- children made up 25-40% of admissions
- mentally ill
- less deserving poor
- elderly
- single women
192
13/03/17
What was life like in the workhouse
- no variance, too much of a routine
- wanted to restore employees to outside workforce
- designed to segregate employees - did this for no distractions during work
- sent children out to work aged 9 - goes against government policy
- no education until 1870
- children were a burden on the state
- bread and cheese for most dinners
- not starving
- such basic jobs so punishment to more skilled labourers
- same type of work given to prisoners
- had a loss of identity and just became a unit
193
14/03/17
What was the biggest incident that happened at Andover Workhouse Scandal 1845
Employees had to crush up animal bones to make fertiliser and the employees ate the rotten meat off the bone and rotten marrow in the bone as they were starving
194
20/03/17
List the factors which led to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807
```
Economics
Slave resistance
The role of white people compared to the role of black people
Christianity
Individuals
Parliament/political change
```
195
20/03/17
State the arguments against the slave trade in the late 18th century
The moral argument: enslavement is wicked, un-Christian
The economic argument: enslavement is expensive and inefficient
The legal argument: enslavement is illegal under British law
Problems on the plantation: enslaved people continue to resist enslavement and wouldn't be suppressed
196
20/03/17
Where was the transatlantic slave trade organised
A 3 point circuit and so is commonly called the 'triangular trade'. Risks were high, but on a 'good' voyage, a profit could be made at each point of the triangular trade
197
28/03/17
What is meant by Quakers
These are members of a group called the Society of Friends with Christian roots that began in England in the 1650s
198
28/03/17
What is meant by Methodists
These are non-conformist because it does not conform to the rules of the established Church of England
199
28/03/17
What is meant by Evangelists
These people believe in spreading Christian gospel by public preaching or personal witness
200
28/03/17
What is meant by Unitarians
This is an open-minded approach to religion that gives scope for a very wide range of beliefs and doubts
201
28/03/17
How did Quakers contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade
Founded in 1650s by George Fox
Believed God was found in every human being and because of this they didn't need a clergy
Leader in early anti-slavery movement
1783 petition to end slavery but only got 273 signatures
International movement with small, local groups
Members wrote pamphlets which allowed them to show slavery was against Christian and British values
202
28/03/17
How did Methodists contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade
Very popular with middle class
Inclusive to women especially in towns
Part of the abolition movement
Leader was John Wesley - who visited the USA in 1760s which made him want to end slavery
Encouraged people to boycott sugar for slaves
203
28/03/17
How did Unitarians contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade
Believe in one God rather than the trinity
Grew out of protestant reformation in the 16th century
First to accept women
Concerned with social justice
William Smith (1756 - 1835) was a leading Unitarian in the abolition of the slave trade campaign, member of parliament, closely associated with Wilberforce, had 3 major concerns: 1) abolition of slave trade, 2) abolition of all religious tests, 3) parliamentary reform
William Roscoe (1753 - 1831), Liverpool Unitarian
204
28/03/17
How did Evangelists contribute towards the abolition of the slave trade
Clapham Sect
Anglican laymen
Used high status networks both inside and outside of parliament to bring about the end of Britain's involvement in the slave trade
Saw slavery as sinful
205
30/03/17
Key points about the sugar boycott
Consumers used their purchasing power to reject the trade in goods
Public refused to buy sugar
Female led sugar boycott
Anti-slavery messages and pamphlets
1791 - thousands of pamphlets produced
300,000 to 400,000 people mainly women refused to buy sugar
Modern media printing of pamphlets
206
30/03/17
Key points about the Brookes slave ship
320 tonnes
451 slaves can be stored using every available space
Each slave had 40cm wide to lie in
On one voyage the Brookes carried 600 slaves
Model of ship done by Thomas Clarkson to shock public to bring about political reform
7,000 posters
207
30/03/17
Name the most famous 6 female abolitionists
```
Phyliss Wheatley (1753 - 1784)
Ann Yearsley (1752 - 1806)
Amelia Opie (1791 - 1844)
Hannah More (1745 - 1833)
Mary Birkett Card (1774 - 1817)
```
208
30/03/17
What did Phyliss Wheatley do to be an abolitionist
First black women in Britain to have a book published
Kidnapped and taken to USA at age 8
Poems published in London in 1773
209
30/03/17
What did Ann Yearsley do to be an abolitionist
Wrote a poem
| Published anti-slavery books
210
30/03/17
What did Amelia Opie do to be an abolitionist
Poem addressed to children
| Wrote about humanitarian issues
211
30/03/17
What did Hannah More do to be an abolitionist
Social reformer
Wrote on abolitions
Encouraged women to join the anti-slavery movement
Friends with Wilberforce
Gave the abolition movement a public voice
Coincided Wilberforce's parliamentary campaign
212
30/03/17
What did May Birkett Card do to be an abolitionist
Poem on African slave trade (wrote this when she was just 17)
Unique as it's directed only at women
213
How did the role of slave ship revolts explain the abolition of the slave trade
Rebellious nature
Violent uprising in present day Haiti, Britain formed a conservative backlash and strengthened the pro slavery lobby
Measures were taken after Haiti to minimise the likelihood of rebellion
214
How did William Pitt have his input in the abolition of the slave trade
He shifted his support against the slaves, thereby losing the movement key support
215
How did the role of war explain the abolition of the slave trade
Britain was feeling the pressure from the Industrial Revolution
Waging a war against a revolutionary government
Slave conditions improved because of Haiti
216
How did the role of governments explain the abolition of the slave trade
Pressured political climate
Britain was faced with tremendous difficulties which made great demands upon the country
Britain lost a major colony
War against revolutionary government means a threaten to the British political system
Rebellion cost the government and pressured it too
Parliament refused to change the system for the slave
Economics collapsed and violence spread to further colonies
217
How did the role of plantation results explain the abolition of the slave trade
Rose up and attacked owners
1,000 plantations burned 12,000 people killed of which 2,000 were of European descent
Level of destruction and high mortality rate gave the events in Haiti a world audience that shuddered at the extent of violence that was generated
Poor treatment to slaves on board ships. Frequency of revolts was increasing
