Italian & German Unification Flashcards
How was Italy divided in 1815?
As it had been before napoleonic wars. Dominated by influence of Austria.
Where were liberal revolts in Italy? Did they succeed?
Naples, Piedmont, Papal States, Parma and Modena. They were all suppressed with Austrian help.
What was Piedmont recognized as?
Piedmont recognized as only state capable of challenging Austria.
Who was the king and Prime minister of Piedmont? What did they do?
Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo di Cavour. They became the leaders in Italian unification.
Why was Piedmont powerful?
They had constitutional government. They had made reforms and improved communication as well as expanded trade and strengthened finance.
What did Cavour realize to make Piedmont stronger?
Made an alliance with Napoleon III in France. France expelled Austrian troops from Lombardy and Venetia.
Who was Garibaldi?
An important Italian republican that collected a force of volunteers and started the ocnquest of the Southern states.
What happened in 1861? and in 1870? In Italy
Kingdom of Italy proclaimed under sovereignity of Victor Emmanuel II in 1861. In 1870 they took over last part of territory and Rome fell in Italian control and became the capital.
How was Germany Divided in 1815?
In 39 separate states which formed the German confederation.
What happened in 1848 in Germany?
Revolutions that aimed at the unification of Germany. The attempt to set up a united Germany by constitutional means failed.
What did Austria and Prussia want?
Austria wanted a Greater Germany wich would Include Austrian lands but Prussia wanted a little Germany which would exclude Austria.
What is Zollverein.
Customs union creted by Prussia in 1834 which established free trade accross Germany with the exception of Austria.
What allowed Prussia to be so powerful?
Zollverein and natural resources, as well as growth of heavy industry and development of railway network.
What were Prussia’s advantages in German unification?
Unlike Austria, had a mainly German population. As a result, Nationalism unified Russia, unlike in Austria where ethnic groups tore each other apart. Prussia also had the most powerful army in Central Europe.
What happened after 1862 in Germany?
Prussian king William I and Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck accelerated unification process.
What is Realpolitik?
The politics of reality. Term used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism. Bismarck became a master at this,
What happened in 1866? Germany
7 weeks war, after which Prussia controlled Northern germany, and allowed them to connect Eastern and Western parts of the Empire.
What happened in Germany 1867?
German confederation abolished and a new North German Confederation was set up, dominated by Prussia
What happened in 1870 in Germany?
1870 was Defeat of France in Franco-Prussian war. Final stage of German unification.
What happened in 1871 in Germany?
In 1871 William I was proclaimed kaiser (emperor) of
the Second Reich. The new empire excluded Austria. Germany became a new world power.
What is Kaiser?
Emperor.
