issues involving students and technologies used in distance education

Question 1

“________ is a biologically and developmentally imposed set of personal characteristics that make the same teaching/learning strategy effective for some and ineffective for others” (Brickwell, 1993)

Answer 1

Learning style

Question 2

four types of learning styles (Kolb, as cited in Brickwell, 1993)

Answer 2

1. Theorists (or assimilators) - prefer abstract concepts, lectures, case studies, theory readings
2. Pragmatists (or convergers) - prefer practical applications, working with things, working in laboratories or doing field work
3. Activists (or accomodators) - prefer small group discussions, peer feedback
4. Reflectors (or divergers) - prefer learning journals and brainstorming

Question 3

Davie and Wells (1991) tell us that learning at a distance through computer-mediated communication is anchored to the degree of _________ enabling of a student to take a visible and meaningful role in the electronic classroom.”

Answer 3

student empowerment

Question 4

Studies tell us that students involved in online discussions develop a feeling of autonomy and equity, and a sense of ______ (Hollenbeck, 1998)

Answer 4

belonging to a community

Question 5

Among Asian students, Online discussions have to have an _________ in order for students to participate (Fung, 2000)

Answer 5

assessment component

Question 6

Females tend to engage in “rapport” talk, males in _______ talk in online discussions (Romaniszowski & Mason, 2004)

Answer 6

“report”

Question 7

6 Technology Foundation Standards for Students (ISTE-NETSS)

Answer 7

1. Basic operations and concepts
2. Social, ethical, and human issues
3. Technology productivity tools
4. Technology communications tools
5. Technology research tools
6. Technology problem-solving and decision-making tools

Question 8

Partly or fully employed students, or students with families, increasingly need more________and especially avoiding long commutes

Answer 8

flexibility

Question 9

Partly or fully employed students, or students with families want __________, and smaller modules, certificates or programs that they can fit around their work and family life.

Answer 9

hybrid or fully online courses

Question 10

For academic learning, it is often necessary to find ways to move students whose approach to learning is initially driven by ____________ such as grades or qualifications to an approach that engages and motivates students in the subject matter itself.

Answer 10

extrinsic rewards

Question 11

First and second year students straight from high school are likely to be ______ as learners, and therefore it may be a mistake to expect them to be able to study entirely through the use of technology

Answer 11

less independent

Question 12

Research (see for instance Dabbagh, 2007) has repeatedly shown that fully online courses suit 3 types of student better than others:

Answer 12

1. older, more mature students;
2. students with already high levels of education;
3. part-time students who are working and/or with families.

Question 13

Since the vast majority of online learners are urban, living within one hour’s travel of a college or university campus, it is the________rather than the distance that matters to these learners.

Answer 13

flexibility

Question 14

the knowledge base is continually expanding, jobs change rapidly, and hence there is strong demand for on-going, ________

Answer 14

continuing education

Question 15

________ provides an opportunity for the gradual development of independent learning skills

Answer 15

blended learning

Question 16

students lacking _________ are likely to prefer face-to-face teaching,

Answer 16

self-confidence or experience in studying

Question 17

_________is important to instructional design and the development and refinement of learning environments (Dutton, 2017)

Answer 17

Learner experience

Question 18

________ are the vehicles that we use to condense and remember experiences

Answer 18

Stories

Question 19

learning experiences can be defined as learners’ _________ through interaction with a learning environment, educational products, resources, and so on.

Answer 19

perceptions, responses, and performances

Question 20

_________mainly refers to their perception of the people and the things, including resources, tools, learning community, community education, learning styles, and teaching methods (Huang, Yang, & Hu, 2012).

Answer 20

Learners’ perception of learning environment

Question 21

________mainly refers to the learner’s behavior, including associated constructs such as learning effectiveness, efficiency, and achievement.

Answer 21

Performance in a learning experience

Question 22

_______ refers to the degree to which intended outcomes were attained;

Answer 22

Learning effectiveness

Question 23

_______ refers to the time and effort to attain those outcomes

Answer 23

learning efficiency

Question 24

________not only emphasizes the achieving intended outcomes, but includes satisfaction and other related subjective experiences, such as confidence and continued interest in the subject area.

Answer 24

learning achievement

Question 25

4 Categories of Educational Technology which are elements of learner experience

Answer 25

1. Learning tools
2. Learning resources
3. Learning environments
4. Learning method

Question 26

digital and non-digital media used for the purpose to facilitate learning through interactions between people and systems, such as learning applications, multimedia devices

Answer 26

Learning tools (e.g flash cards, mind maps, blogs, electronic dictionaries, etc.)

Question 27

materials that can be used to support teaching, learning and research

Answer 27

Learning resources (e.g. textbooks, course readings, and other learning content)

Question 28

refer to the diverse locations, contexts, and cultures in which students learn

Answer 28

Learning environments (e.g. classroom, cyberspace)

Question 29

stands for the way of presentation of the specific contents of a subject that may be properly grasped and understood by learners.

Answer 29

Learning method (e.g. drill and practice, memorization, inquiry-based learning, collaborative learning)

Question 30

four interdependent elements which make up user experience (Rubinoff, 2004)

Answer 30

1. Branding - all the aesthetic- and design-related items
2. Functionality - all the technical and behind-the-scenes processes and applications.
3. Usability - the general ease of use of all site components and features.
4. Content - the actual content of the site as well as its structure, or information architecture.

Question 31

What drives an educational technology’s value to the student?

Answer 31

Educational technology features must be in alignment with learning needs

Question 32

_______ refers to the attractiveness and engagement of the activities in educational technology or the pleasing perception from teachers and students

Answer 32

Desirability

Question 33

______ of an educational technology deals with the diversity of students and their learning preferences which result in a need to treat learners as individually as possible.

Answer 33

Adaptability

Question 34

_______with educational technology focuses on providing physical and emotional well-being experience to learners when they are using educational technology,

Answer 34

Comfortability

Question 35

______means “the resources and benefits that can be utilised by communities, from Internet infrastructure to online information, modes of communication and tools, to digital literacy and skills” (Roberts & Townsend, 2015, p. 202

Answer 35

Digital capital

Question 36

“the possession of cultural competencies and knowledge that enable people to be cultural consumers in ways that are valued and expected in society”

Answer 36

cultural capital

Question 37

_______ can only be achieved if digital advancements are considered in the context of cultural capital

Answer 37

Success

Question 38

_______are hardware and software solutions that can be used by people with disabling conditions to personalise and specialise approaches to addressing specific challenges.

Answer 38

Assistive technologies

Question 39

_______means that one dominant group of people controls another group of people (Bishop, 1994; Longmore, 2003; Marks, 1999; Seale, 2006; Shapiro, 1994).

Answer 39

Hegemony

Question 40

_______means that one dominant group of people controls another group of people (Bishop, 1994; Longmore, 2003; Marks, 1999; Seale, 2006; Shapiro, 1994).

Answer 40

Hegemony

Question 41

________means that groups of people are negatively judged and stereotyped based on a single characteristic (Goffman, 1959; Goffman, 1963)

Answer 41

Stigma

Question 42

the most common theme of research in the context of supporting the educational success of students with disabling conditions

Answer 42

Universal design for learning (UDL)

Question 43

There are three key propositions that enable the impact of UDL on education (Rose & Meyer, 2006; Wood, Scutter, & Viljoen, 2017).

Answer 43

1. multiple means of representation
2. multiple means of engagement,
3. multiple means of expression

Question 44

means that the educator creates and provides access to the learning materials in diverse and complimentary forms

Answer 44

multiple means of representation

Question 44

means that the educator creates and provides access to the learning materials in diverse and complimentary forms

Answer 44

multiple means of representation

Question 45

recognises that diverse students are motivated in different ways and that even a single student needs different reinforcement at various points in his or her educational journey.

Answer 45

multiple means of engagement

Question 46

means that students are supported to demonstrate their learning in ways that are meaningful and best represent that particular student’s capabilities

Answer 46

multiple means of expression.

Question 47

five key strategies for designing online learning environments using the UDL propositions (tobin, 2014)

Answer 47

1. Start with text (p. 15)
2. Create alternatives (p. 15)
3. Let ‘em do it their way (p. 16)
4. Go step by step (p. 18)
5. Set content free (p. 18)