Generations of Distance Education Flashcards
5 generations of DE thought about by Taylor (2000)
- First Generation - The Correspondence Model
- Second Generation - The Multi-media Model
- Third Generation - The Telelearning Model
- Fourth Generation - The Flexible Learning Model
- Fifth Generation - The Intelligent Flexible Learning Model
the 5 generations are not ______ categories
mutually exclusive
The theory which outlines the belief that technology is the governing force in society, causing social change independent of social factors.
technological determinism
The theory which tells us that innovation comes about because of certain human needs or problems, and that the resulting technologies are due to societal factors
social construction of technology
Recognising that in education media are usually used in combination, the six key building blocks of media are
- face-to-face teaching
- text
- (still) graphics
- audio (including speech)
- video
- computing (including animation, simulations and virtual reality).
Recognising that in education media are usually used in combination, the six key building blocks of media are
- face-to-face teaching
- text
- (still) graphics
- audio (including speech)
- video
- computing (including animation, simulations and virtual reality).
Term used in referring to the unique features of media particularly their formats, symbols systems, and cultural values
affordances
There are many dimensions along which some technologies are similar and others are different. three key characteristics or dimensions are particularly important:
- broadcast vs communicative
- synchronous (live) vs asynchronous (recorded)
- single vs rich media
The______is an extremely powerful medium because through a combination of tools and media it can encompass all the characteristics and dimensions of educational media.
Internet
Two meanings about Technological Determinism
- an internal, technical logic determines the design of technological artifacts and systems;
- the development of technological artifacts and systems determines broad social changes
Claim which combines the two meanings of Technological Determinism
an autonomous technology (in both its development and use) shapes social relations.
3 varieties of technological determinism by Bimber (1994)
normative, nomological, and unintended-consequences accounts.
Variety of technological determinism which claims that society is relinquishing control over technology, or replacing political and ethical norms with those of the technologist’s goals of efficiency and productivity
Normative accounts
Variety of technological determinism which evokes the two-part definition: technology develops autonomously according to an internal logic and forces a prescribed social change
Nomological accounts
Variety of technological determinism which claims that technology produces unpredictable social change, a view that challenges determinism, but reinforces the idea that technology is out of control
unintended consequences accounts
Winner (1986) argues that artifacts have politics in two ways.
- First, technologists can design an artifact to promote a certain type of politics
- Second, the design and building of some systems seems to require a certain type of politics
Two stages in the concept of Hughes (1994) of technological systems
- the social construction of a system when it is young,
- technological determinism comes into play once it is established and has ‘‘technological momentum.’ From that point on it shapes society more than being shaped by society.
SCOT is one approach among several________ ways of studying science and technology that emerged in the 1980s.
constructivist
An important, though negative, starting point for SCOT was to _____ technological determinism
criticize
As a heuristic (mental shortcut) for studying technology in society, SCOT can be laid out in three consecutive research steps (Bijker 1995a)
- Key concepts in the first step are ‘relevant social group’ and ‘interpretive flexibility.’
- In the second step, the researcher follows how interpretive flexibility diminishes, because some artifacts gain dominance over others and meanings converge, and in the end one artifact results from this process of social construction.
- In the third step, the processes of stabilization described in the second step are analyzed and explained by interpreting them in a broader theoretical framework: why does a social construction process follow this course, rather than that?
The phrase _______ is often used as a reminder that non-technical factors are important for understanding the development of technology, and that these factors are closely related.
‘seamless web of technology and society’
The principle of general _________ casts this into a methodological principle: human and non-human actors should be treated similarly
symmetry
The principle of general _________ casts this into a methodological principle: human and non-human actors should be treated similarly
symmetry
SCOT also provides a theoretical perspective on the relation between technology and society, and on their ______
joint developments or co-evolution.
