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AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 > Issues and debates > Flashcards

Issues and debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first issue and debate

A

Gender and culture

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2
Q

What is universality?

A

to develop theories that apply to all peopple

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3
Q

what is alpha bias?

A

research that exaggerates differences between men and women

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4
Q

what is beta bias?

A

researh that ignores differences between men and women.

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5
Q

what is androcentrism?

A

centred on men

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6
Q

what is ethnocentrism?

A

judging others by the standards of your own culture.

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7
Q

what is cutural relativism?

A

behaviour cannot be properly judged unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it orignates.

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8
Q

Evaluation of gender bias

Misleading assumptions

A

As science leads to real world applications, it may provide scientific justification for denying women opportunites.

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9
Q

Evalution of gender bias

Sexism in research process

A

male researchers are more likely to have their work published than females.

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10
Q

Evaluation of gender bias

Feminist commentator views

A

women should be studied in meaningful, real life contexts.
diversity within groups of women should also be examined.
Collaborative research methods that collect qualitative data.

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11
Q

Evaluation of culture bias

Individualism-Collectivism

A

Western cultures place emphasis on independence, whereas collective cultures emphasise interconnectedness.

Research has suggested that culture bias is less of an issue than it once was, 14/15 studies that compared the USA and Japan found no evidence of traditional distinction.

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12
Q

Evaluation of culture bias

Cultrual relativism vs universality

A

it should not be assumed that all psychology is culturally relative and that there is no such thing as universal behaviour.

basic facial expressions are the same all around the world.

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13
Q

Evalution of culture bias

Unfamiliarity with research tradition

A

In western culture, aims and objectives of scientific enquiry is assumed, however, may not extend to cultures without a history of research.

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14
Q

What is the second issue and debate?

A

Free will and determinism

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15
Q

What is determinism?

A

behaviour is controlled by either internal or external forces acting upon the individual.

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16
Q

what is hard determinism?

A

all human behaviour has a cause and in principle it should be possible to identify all these cuases.

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17
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

there is some room for manoeuvre, in that peole have some conscious control over the way they behave.

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18
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

behaviour is determined by biological factors outside of out control.

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19
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Behaviour is determined by environmental factors outside of our control.

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20
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

Behaviour is determined by unconscious conflicts outside of our control.

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21
Q

For determinism

A

consistent with the aims of science.

notion that human behaviour follows laws places psychology on an equal footing to other sciences.

the prediction and control of behaviour has led to the development of therapies and treatments.

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22
Q

Against determinism

A

not consistent with the way our legal system operates- offenders held morally acountable.

unfalsifiable.

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23
Q

For free will

A

face valisity as everyday expereicne gives the impression we are constantly exercising free will.

research suggests peopple with an internal locus of control tend to be more mentally healthy.

the fact we think we have free will may have a positive impact on mind and behaviour.

24
Q

Against free will

A

our most basic experiences of free will are decided by our brain before we are aware of them.

25
Q

What is the third issue and debate?

A

nature vs nurture

26
Q

what is nature

A

when behaviour is seen to be a product of innate genetic factors

27
Q

what is nurture

A

when behaviour is seen to be a product of environmental factors

28
Q

what is the contribution of nature and nurture called?

A

the relative importance of heredity and environment in determining behaviour

29
Q

what is the interactionist approach ?

A

behaviour is a product of genetic and environmental influences working together

30
Q

what is the diathesis- stress model?

A

when behaviour is a product of genetic and environmental influences working together

31
Q

implications of taking a nature/ nurture stance

A

led to controversy such as that which attempted to link race, genetics and intelligence - socially sensitive

the nurture perspective would suggest that any behaviour can be changed by altering environmental conditions

32
Q

difficult to test (nature nurture)

A

research such as twin studies is complicated by the fact that even siblings raised in the same family may not have experienced the exact same environment

33
Q

constructivism (nature nurture)

A

the notion that genes and environment interact is elaborated

people actively seek environments that are appropriate for their nature

34
Q

issue and debate 4

A

holism and reductionism

35
Q

what is holism?

A

analysis of the person or behaviour as a whole and breaking down behaviour is inappropriate

36
Q

what is reductionism

A

analysing behaviour by breaking down into its constituent parts and explaining it at the simplest level

37
Q

what are levels of explanation

A

there are different ways of explaining the same phenomenon in psychology

38
Q

what is biological reductionism

A

analysis of behaviour by breaking it down into its constituent parts and explaining it at the simplest physiological level

39
Q

what is environmental reductionism

A

breaking complex learning down into simple stimulus- response links

40
Q

the case for holism

A

often there are aspects of social behaviour that only emerge in a group context and cannot be understood at the level of the individual group members

provides a more complete abs global understanding of behaviour

41
Q

against holism

A

no scientific testing

vague and speculative

42
Q

for reductionism

A

forms the basis of scientific research

makes it possible to conduct experiments in a way that is meaningful and reliable

greater credibility

43
Q

against reductionism

A

oversimplification of complex phenomena leading to loss of validity

do not include analysis of the social context of behaviours

44
Q

What is the fifth issue and debate?

A

idiographic and nomothetic

45
Q

what is idiographic

A

focuses on an individual case as a means of understanding behaviour rather than aiming to formulate general laws

46
Q

what is the nomothetic approach?

A

attempts to study human behaviour through the development of general principles and universal laws

47
Q

what are examples of the idiographic approach

A

humanistic psychology- investigating unique experiences

psychodynamic approach- freud’s reliance on case studies

48
Q

what are examples of the nomothetic approach?

A

research conducted by cognitive. behaviourist and biological psychologists

49
Q

what are idiographic examples in memory topic?

A

clive wearing

HM

KF

EVR

50
Q

what are nomothetic examples for memory?

A

peterson and peterson

baddley
godden and baddley

bahrik

51
Q

FOR the idiographic approach

A

in depth qualitative- provides a global account of the individual

a single case may generate a hypothesis for further study

52
Q

AGAINST idiographic approach

A

restricted nature

meaningful generalisations cannot be made from a single case

not scientific and subjective

53
Q

FOR nomothetic approach

A

more scientific

standardised conditions , control

aim to establish norms of typical behaviour

54
Q

AGAINST nomothetic approach

A

losing the whole person

subjective experience of participants is ignored

55
Q

What is the sixth issue and debate

A

ethical implications

56
Q

what does ethical implications mean?

A

the way that research impacts on those who take part and also the way findings are communicated to the public and how they are used

57
Q

what does socially sensitive mean?

A

studies in which there are potential consequences or implications either directly from the participants or the class of individual representatives by research

AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 (10 decks)

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