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AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Wundt?

A

first ever lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879

introspection

structuralism

standardised instructions

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2
Q

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

observed and measured

rejected introspection

lab experiments

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3
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

What did Pavlov research?

A

classical conditioning

dogs conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell

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4
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

What did Skinner research?

A

operant conditioning

skinner box (rats positively and negatively reinforced)

punishment

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5
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

scientific credibility

A

objective

replication

greater credibility and status to psychology as a science

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6
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

Real life application

A

token economy systems

classical conditioning used in the treatment of phobias

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7
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

reductionist

A

sees humans as passive

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8
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

deterministic

A

ignores any possible influence that free will may have an effect on behaviour

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9
Q

BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

Ethical issues

A

harm caused to the animals used in the studies

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10
Q

What are the assumptions of SLT

A

indirect learning

classical and operant conditioning

observation and imitation

behaviour learnt from others

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11
Q

SLT

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

imitation only occurs if the behaviour is seen to be rewarded rather than punished

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12
Q

SLT

What are the mediational processes

A

attention

retention

motor reproduction

motivation

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13
Q

SLT

What is identification?

A

more likely to imitate behaviour of whom they identify- role models
(modelling)

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14
Q

SLT

What did Bandura study?

A

young children watched adult behave aggressively towards bobo doll

children then behaved more aggressively to bobo doll when later observed

they then saw an adult being praised, condition 2, saw adult being punished, condition 3 saw no consequence

1st- most aggressive, 2nd least aggressive, 3rd second aggressive

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15
Q

SLT

Importance of cognitive factors

A

provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning

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16
Q

SLT

Explains cultural differences

A

explains gender roles

explains cultural norms and how they are transmitted

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17
Q

SLT

Deterministic

A

less deterministic than behavioural approach

reciprocal determinism

some free will

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18
Q

SLT

Underestimates biological factors

A

hormonal factors may effect aggression

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19
Q

SLT

Over reliance on lab studies

A

Bandura in lab setting

causes demand characteristics

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20
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

Argues that internal mental processes can, and should, be studied scientifically.

Psychologists study indirectly by making inferences.

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21
Q

Cognitive

What are internal mental processes

A

private operations of the mind such as perception and attention.

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22
Q

Cognitive

What are schema

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing.

Developed from experience.

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23
Q

Cognitive

What are the roles of theoretical and computer models?

A

To help understand internal mental processes.

Information processing approach which suggests that information flows through the cognitive system in a series of stages, such as input, storage and retrieval, like the multi-store model of memory.

Development of AI.

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24
Q

Cognitive

What is the role of schema?

A

Enable us to process lots of information quickly, like a mental short-cut that prevents us from being overhwhlemed by envrionmental stimuli.

However, may distort our interpretations of sensory information, leading to perceptual errors.

25
Q

Cognitive

What is the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes.

fMRI, PET scans- scientists systematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes.

26
Q

Cognitive Evaluation

Scientific and objective methods

A

Highly controlled methods of study

Lab experiments to produce reliable, objective data.

Credible scientific basis.

27
Q

Cognitive Evaluation

Machine reductionism

A

Ignores the influence of human emotion and motivation on the cognitive system and how this may affect our ability to process information.

E.G. research on eyewitness testimonies demonstarted that anxiety may have an influence on recall.

28
Q

Cognitive Evaluation

Application to everyday life

A

Experiments often use artificial stimuli, lacking external validity.

Only able to infer, so may be too abstract and theoretical in nature.

29
Q

Cognitive Evaluation

Real-life application

A

Made an important contribution in AI.

Development of thinking machines (robots).

30
Q

Cognitive Evaluation

Less deterministic

A

founded on soft determinism.

recgonises that our cognitive system can only operate within the limits of what we know but that we are free to think before responding to a stimulus.

31
Q

Biological

What are the assumptions of the biological approach?

A

Suggests that everything pyschological is at first biological.

We must look at biological structures and processes within the body such as genes, neurochemistry and the nervous system.

32
Q

Biological

What is the genetic basis of behaviour?

A

Whether behavioural characteristics are inherited the same way as physical characteristics.

Twin studies are used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by looking at concordance rates. If monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate than dizgotic twins, it suggests a genetic basis.

33
Q

Biological

Genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype- genetic makeup

Phenotype- the way these genes are expressed through physical, behavioural characteristics.

The expression of the genotype is influenced through emvironmentl factors.

Human behaviour depends upon an interaction between inherited factors and the environment.

34
Q

Biological

Evolution and behaviour

A

Theory of natural selection- Charles Darwin.

Possessor is more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on the desirable characteristics.

35
Q

Biological Evaluation

Scientific

A

uses fMRIs, EEGs and family and twin studies and drug trials.

The biological apporach is based on reliable data.

36
Q

Biological Evaluation

Real-life application

A

Increased understanding of biochemical processes in the brain has led to the development of psychoactive drugs that treat depression.

37
Q

Biological Evaluation

Casual conclusions

A

Offers explanation for mental illnesses in terms of the action of neurotransmitters in the brain.

38
Q

Biological Evaluation

Deteministic

A

Sees human behaviour as being governed by internal, biological causes over which we have no control.

Legal system- sees crimincals as being morally responsible for their crime.

39
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What is the role of the unconscious?

A

Freud suggested that the part of our mind we know about and are aware of is the tip of the iceberg.

MOst of our mind is made up of unconscious. This contains respressed memroies.

Bubbling under the surface of our conscious mind is the preconscious.

40
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What is the structure of personality?

A

The id: pleasure principle, unconscious drives and instincts, entirely selfish.

The ego: reality principle, the mediator, developed around the age of two. Using defence mechanisms

The superego: formes at the end of the phallic stage, age 5. Our internalised sense of right or wrong. Based on morality principle. Punishes ego for wrongdoing through guilt.

41
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What are the psychosexual stages?

A 
Oral - 0-1
Anal- 1-3
Phallic 3-5
Latency
Genital
42
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What did Freud desrcibe as the oral stage and a consequence of an unresolved conflict?

A

Focus is pleasure on the mouth.

Oral fixation- smoking, biting nails, sarcastic.

43
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What did Freud describe as the anal stage and a consequence of an unresolved conflict?

A

Focus of pleasure is the anus- witholding and expelling faeces.

Anal retentive- perfectionist, obsessive

Anal expulsive- thoughtless, messy

44
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What did Freud describe as the phallic stage and a consequence of an unresolved conflict?

A

Focus of pleasure in genital area, has Oedipus or Electra complex.

Phallic personality- narcissistic, reckless

45
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What did Freud say happened during latency?

A

Earlier conflicts repressed.

46
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What did Freud desribe as the genital stage and a consequence of unresolved conflict?

A

Sexual desires become conscious.

Difficulty forming relationships.

47
Q

Psychodynamic approach

What are the three defence mechanisms?

A

Repression- forcing a memory out

Denial- Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality.

Displacement- Transferring feelings from true sourcee of distressing emotion onto a substitute target.

48
Q

Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Approach

Use of case studies

A
  • Little Hans- very subjective.
  • Not scientific.
  • Not generalisable.
49
Q

Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Approach

Untestable concepts

A

Can not be falsified, so not open to empirical testing.

Causes it to be a pseudoscience.

50
Q

Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Approach

Practical application

A

Bought about psychoanalysis.

However this is inappropriate for people suffering from serious mental disorders.

51
Q

Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Approach

Deterministic

A

Psychic determinsim.

unconscious forces behind our behaviour and no such thing as an accident.

Sees free will as an illusion.

52
Q

The Humanistic Approach

What is the humanistic approach?

A

Emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self-determination.

53
Q

The Humanistic Approach

What is free will?

A

Believes humans are active agents who have the ability to determine their own deveopment.

Rogers and Maslow reject scientific models that attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour.

Subjective experience.

54
Q

The Humanistic Approach

What is self-actualisation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Every person has the innate ability to achieve their full potential.

Personal growth is essential part of what it means to be human.

55
Q

The Humanistic Approach

What is the self, congruence and conditions of worth?

A

A persons concept of self must be broadly equal to/ have congruence with their ideal self. If this is not achieved, they cannot reach self-actualisation.

Rogers claimed feelings of worthlessness may be due to lack of unconditional positive regard from our parents.

56
Q

Evalution of the Humanistic Approach

Not reductionist

A

Holistic.

Subjective experience can only be understood when considering the whole person.

Validity as it considers the meaningful huma behaviour in a real-life context.

57
Q

Evalution of the Humanistic Approach

Limited application

A

Rogerian therapy and maslows hierarchy of needs used in the workplace.

However, limited impact due to the lack of a sound evidence base.

58
Q

Evalution of the Humanistic Approach

Positive approach

A

Promotes a positive image of the human condition.

Free-will

AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 (10 decks)

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