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AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the neural mechanisms in aggression?

A

the limbic system and serotonin

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2
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

connects the brain stem and the cortex

has the amygdala

controls a range of emotional behaviours

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3
Q

what is the role of the amygdala?

A

quickly evaluates the emotional importance of sensory information and promoting an appropriate response

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4
Q

what did Pardini et al find

A

participants with smaller amygdalas showed higher levels of aggression

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5
Q

what did ervin study and find?

A

case study of female patient

electrically stimulated her amygdala

she became very angry and flung herself at a wall

atypical female

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6
Q

what is kluver and bucy find?

A

that destroying the amygdala in aggressive monkeys, resulted in less aggressive behaviour

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7
Q

what study was done using fmri scans on the limbic system?

A

ps had their brains scanned while playing a game where they could reject or accept an offer of money. heightened activity in the amygdala when they rejected money because they thought it was unfair

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8
Q

What also operates with the amygdala?

A

the orbitofrontal cortex

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9
Q

what does the orbiofrontal cortex do?

A

regulates emotional responses driven by the amygdala

damage results impulsivity and loss of control

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10
Q

What did Raine et al find?

A

investigated brain activity in 42 murderers using PET scans.

abnormal activity in the amygdala and reduced glucose metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex

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11
Q

What is serotonin?

A

a neurotransmitter involved in the communication of impulses between neurons

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12
Q

What are normal levels of serotonin associated with?

A

greater behavioural control and it typically inhibits the firing of the amygdala system

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13
Q

what are low levels of serotonin associated with?

A

low behavioural control, impulsivity and aggression

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14
Q

what is tryptophan?

A

increases serotonin levels in the brain

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15
Q

What did Rayleigh study and find?

A

gave different diets to monkeys

the monkeys who diet was high in tryptophan showed decreased levels of aggression

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16
Q

what did Passamonti find and study?

A

manipulated tryptophan levels in participants diets

ps given questionnaire to asses their aggressive tendencies

fmri scans to measure reaction to facial expressions

on low serotonin days, communication was weaker

17
Q

practical application of research into serotonin

A

diets to easier serotonin levels such as tryptophan could be given to juvenile delinquents in order to calm aggressive tendencies

18
Q

How have high levels of serotonin been associated with aggression?

A

dukes et al found a relationship

19
Q

What is testosterone?

A

an androgen secreted by the testes.

20
Q

Testosterone

Research for (mice)

A

Wagner- catstrated mice and aggression reduced, later injected them with testosterone which re-established their aggression.

21
Q

Testosterone

Research for (species)

A

Increasing testosterone caused greater aggressive behaviour in several species and reducing it had the opposite effect.

22
Q

Testosterone

Research for (prisoners)

A

Dabbs- measured testosterone levels in 692 adult male prisoners, higher levels were found in violent offedners compared to non-violent offenders.

Found a similar effect in women prisoners.

23
Q

Testosterone

Research against (Dual-hormone hypothesis)

A

high levels of testosterone lead to aggresive behaviour when cortisol levels are low.

24
Q

Evaluation of testosterone

Aggression or dominance?

A

Studies show that testosterone doesnt necessarily increase aggression but increases status-seeking behaviour, which is not intended to cause harm.

25
Q

What does genetic theory say about aggression?

A

that genes are the cuase of aggressive behaviour.

26
Q

Genetic factors

Research for (mice)

A

Lab selective breeding study.

Isolated a group of mice in order to identify mice more prone to aggression.

interbred the aggressive mice, after 19 generations, rates of aggression were 10x higher than in the controls.

the aggressive mice had heavier testes and forebrains and altered levels of serotonin and noradrenaline.

27
Q

Genetic factors

Research for (twin and adoption studies)

A

Coccaro used a questionnaire to measure hostility in male participants.

they found concordance rate of 50% for MZ twins and 19% for DZ twins.

Rhee and Waldman- meta-analysis of adoption studies, found genetic influences account for 41% of the variation of aggression.

28
Q

Genetic factors

The MAOA Gene

A

This gene is responsible for regulating the enzyme MAOA, which breaks down the neurotransmitters serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. This allows neurons to commincate more effectively.

29
Q

Genetic factors

What does reserch suggest about the MAOA Gene

A

that the MAOA-L version predisposes a peron to violence.

30
Q

Genetic Factors

What did Brunner research?(Dutch family)

A

Male members of this family had been particulary aggressive, the males were found to have the rare mutated version of the MAOA gene.

31
Q

Genetic factors

Research for the MAOA gene (chilli sauce)

A

Mcdermott- those with the MAOA-L gene were more likely to force someone to eat chilli sauce, than someone with the MAOA-H gene.

32
Q

Genetic factors

Research for the MAOA gene (Finland)

A

Studies prisoners in Finland, found severly violent prisoners had the MAOA-L gene in comination with the CDH13 gene.

33
Q

Genetic factors

Rearch for MAOA gene (childhood influences)

A

Capsi studied 500 male children and looked at their anti-socail behaviour and found that the MAOA-L gene was invloved in aggression, but only if they had been maltreated as children.

suggestes an interactionist approach.

34
Q

Genetic factors

The warrior gene

A

Research found that the MAOA-L gene is much more frequent in New Zealand Maori populations with a history of warfare than western populations.

Socially sensitive.

AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 (10 decks)

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