Issues and Debates Flashcards
Culture Bias
The tendency to judge people in terms of one’s own cultural assumptions.
Universality
Any underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all members of the species despite differences of experience and upbringing.
Ethnocentrism
the use of our own ethnic group as a basis for judgement’s about other ethnic groups. Focus our own beliefs, customs and behaviours as ‘normal’, other ethnic groups as ‘strange’.
Imposed Etic
an ‘imposed’ etic bias occurs when an observer attempts to generalize observations from one culture to another.
Cultural relativism
the theory that beliefs, customs and morality exist in relation to the particular culture from which they originate and are not absolute.
Individualistic culture
is a society which is characterised by individualism, which is the prioritization, or emphasis, of the individual over the entire group.
free will
the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at ones own discretion.
Determinism
The doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes regarded as external to the will.
Hard determinism
a view of free will that determinism is true and is incompatible with free will and that free will does not exist.
Soft determinism
is the theory that human behaviours and action are wholly determined by casual events, but human free will does exist when defined as the capacity to act according to ones nature.
Biological determinism
refers to the idea that all human behaviour is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes.
Environmental determinism
the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories.
Psychic determinism
theories that all mental processes are not spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious or pre-existing mental complexes.
Nature
refers to innate qualities like human nature or genetics.
Empiricists
a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences.
Nurture
refers to care given to children by parents or, more broadly, to environmental influences such as media and marketing.
Heredity
the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
Heritability coefficient
is the proportion of this total variation between individuals in a given population due to genetic variation. ranges from 0 to 1.
Environment
the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Interactionalist approach
the spreading of liberal democracy throughout thew world in order to bring an end to conflicts.
Diatheis- stress model
the attempt to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences.
Epigenetics
the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
Implications
the action or state of being involved in something or the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly stated.
Shared environments
anything that two twins have in common – usually parents, siblings, household, and neighborhood.
Constructivism
The essential core of constructivism is that learners actively construct their own knowledge and meaning from their experiences
Genotype-environment interaction
is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous.
