Addiction Flashcards
Risk factor
any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. E.g. underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure, hygiene etc.
Stress
A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.
PTSD
a condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of injury or severe psychological shock.
Peers
A person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person.
Desensitisation Hypothesis
a prediction of someones diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it.
Up-regulation
increase in a cellular response to a molecular stimulus due to increase in the number of receptors on the cell surface.
Dopamine
a compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenaline.
ACh
an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of animals and humans as a neurotransmitter.
Nucleus accumbens
a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
Nicotine regulation
control or maintenance the rate or speed nicotine is being consumed so that the human can operate properly.
Primary/secondary reinforcement
refers to a situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behaviour after has been associated with a primary reinforcer (biological in nature).
Cue reactivity
type of learned response observed in individuals with an addiction and involves significant physiological and subjective reactions to presentations of drug-related stimuli.
Continuous reinforcement
method of learning that compels an individual or an animal to repeat a certain behaviour.
Partial reinforcement
only reinforced at certain intervals or ratio of time - inconsistent and random.
variable reinforcement
response is required after an unpredictable number of reasons. Creates a steady high rate of responding.
Initiation
rate of passage marking entrance or acception into a group or society.
Maintenance
the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information.
Expectancy theory
proposes an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.
cognitive bias
A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own “subjective social reality” from their perception of the input.
self- efficacy
Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. One’s sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.
hindsight bias
is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.
Illusion of control
the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events; for example, it occurs when someone feels a sense of control over outcomes that they demonstrably do not influence.
The gambler’s fallacy
the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future (or vice versa).
Maladaptive thought processes
based on the premise that maladaptive thinking causes and maintains emotional problems. Maladaptive thinking may refer to a belief that is false and rationally unsupported—what Ellis called an “irrational belief.”
