Addiction

Question 1

Risk factor

Answer 1

any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. E.g. underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure, hygiene etc.

Question 2

Stress

Answer 2

A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.

Question 3

PTSD

Answer 3

a condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of injury or severe psychological shock.

Question 4

Peers

Answer 4

A person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person.

Question 5

Desensitisation Hypothesis

Answer 5

a prediction of someones diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

Question 6

Up-regulation

Answer 6

increase in a cellular response to a molecular stimulus due to increase in the number of receptors on the cell surface.

Question 7

Dopamine

Answer 7

a compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenaline.

Question 8

ACh

Answer 8

an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of animals and humans as a neurotransmitter.

Question 9

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 9

a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.

Question 10

Nicotine regulation

Answer 10

control or maintenance the rate or speed nicotine is being consumed so that the human can operate properly.

Question 11

Primary/secondary reinforcement

Answer 11

refers to a situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behaviour after has been associated with a primary reinforcer (biological in nature).

Question 12

Cue reactivity

Answer 12

type of learned response observed in individuals with an addiction and involves significant physiological and subjective reactions to presentations of drug-related stimuli.

Question 13

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 13

method of learning that compels an individual or an animal to repeat a certain behaviour.

Question 14

Partial reinforcement

Answer 14

only reinforced at certain intervals or ratio of time - inconsistent and random.

Question 15

variable reinforcement

Answer 15

response is required after an unpredictable number of reasons. Creates a steady high rate of responding.

Question 16

Initiation

Answer 16

rate of passage marking entrance or acception into a group or society.

Question 17

Maintenance

Answer 17

the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information.

Question 18

Expectancy theory

Answer 18

proposes an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.

Question 19

cognitive bias

Answer 19

A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own “subjective social reality” from their perception of the input.

Question 20

self- efficacy

Answer 20

Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. One’s sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.

Question 21

hindsight bias

Answer 21

is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

Question 22

Illusion of control

Answer 22

the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events; for example, it occurs when someone feels a sense of control over outcomes that they demonstrably do not influence.

Question 23

The gambler’s fallacy

Answer 23

the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future (or vice versa).

Question 24

Maladaptive thought processes

Answer 24

based on the premise that maladaptive thinking causes and maintains emotional problems. Maladaptive thinking may refer to a belief that is false and rationally unsupported—what Ellis called an “irrational belief.”