Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Izzy’s Psych Revision Cards > Issues And Debates > Flashcards

Issues And Debates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define universality?

A

A characteristic that can be applied to all despite differences in experience/upbringing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A weakness of universality related to gender bias?

A

Has led to institutional sexism in psych, more men at senior level. Meaning they decide what is published.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

When research focuses on differences between men and women by devaluing women in an exaggerated way.
(Alpha male)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of alpha bias research?

A
  • Evolutionary theory, Barbie and Ken sexuality.
  • Freud’s Oedipus complex, electra complex added later not by him.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A weakness of alpha bias related to gender bias?

A

Makes gender differences seemed fixed when they aren’t. Maccoby stated girls= better verbal ability and boys= better spatial ability. When there is no difference in brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is beta bias?

A

Focuses on similarities between men and women as well as ignoring differences.
(Better)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What psych research has demonstrated beta bias?

A

Fight or flight response, only studied male animals and it was just assumed females were the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define androcentrism?

A

When male centred behaviour is judged to standard, so female behaviour is deemed abnormal in comparison.
(Andy centred)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What research shows androcentrism?

A

Brescia and Uhlman on anger, male anger is normal and rational. But female is a medical condition and irrational (PMS.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a weakness of androcentrism linked to gender bias?

A

(-) Can create misleading prejudicial assumptions and scientific justification of discrimination against women.
(-) Socially sensitive, ethical implications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define culture bias?

A

Ignoring cultural differences by assuming all are the same (universality.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evidence of culture bias?

A

In 1994, 64% psych researchers were American and 80% psych participants were American.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define cultural relativism?

A

The fact that behaviour cannot be judged unless viewed in its own cultural context.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define ethnocentrism?

A

View of superiority on a culture group.
(Ethnic center)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Evidence of ethnocentrism?

A

Western cultures that are seen as superior. Ainsworth’s SS is an example as secure attachment is the norm so there’s prejudice against collectivist cultures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are emic constructs?

A

Specific to a culture where behaviour within one culture is investigated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are etic constructs?

A

Analysis of behaviour that is universal across all cultures, looking from outside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Evaluations of culture bias?

A

(+) Practical/theoretical applications, seen with the chitiling test that challenges universal IQ testing.
(-) Individual vs collectivist cultures aren’t always separated correctly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the nature aspect?

A

Behaviour is determined by biology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What supports the nature debate?

A

Twin studies.
(Hereditability coefficient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the nurture aspect?

A

Says behaviour is determined by environment/experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What supports the nurture debate?

A

Behaviourist/SLT.
(Prenatal and postnatal environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

Combination of nature and nurture to explain behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Diathesis stress model?

A

When a genetic vulnerability is triggered by the environment causing something like mental illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What’s one mental illness Diathesis stress model can account for?

A

Schizophrenia.

26
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

A change in genetic activity without changing genetic code.
(Environment interaction)

27
Q

An example of epigenetics?

A

Dias and Ressler (2014)
Rat study.

28
Q

Evaluations of nature vs nurture?

A

(+) Nestadt’s OCD research using Diathesis stress model.
(+) Adoption studies, polmin’s niche picking.
(+) Dias and Ressler for epigenetics.
(-) RWIs, extreme nature= Hitler and extreme nurture= conversion therapy.

29
Q

What is determinism?

A

The view that freewill doesn’t account for human behaviour.

30
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The belief that genes or hormones cause behaviour that we can’t control.
(ANS on stress and genes causing MH)

31
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

The belief that behaviour is caused by rewards or punishment.
(Positive or negative reinforcement)

32
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

The belief behaviour is the result of unconscious conflicts.
(Repressed childhood memories)

33
Q

What is freewill?

A

The belief that all humans are self determining and have control.

34
Q

Evaluations of determinism?

A

(+) casual/scientific explanation, uses lab studies.
(+) RWA, treating phobias and OCD.

35
Q

Evaluations of freewill?

A

(+) fits in with the law (rational choice.)
(-) Research evidence.

36
Q

What’s the conclusion of the free will vs determinism debate?

A

Interactionist perspective is best, both arguments are valid when put together but cognitive elements (4MPs) best explain.

37
Q

What is holism?

A

Studying something as a whole and not in separate parts.

38
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Studying human behaviour in smaller parts.

39
Q

What is biological reductionism?

A

Explains behaviour at lowest biological level (like depression being caused by low serotonin.)

40
Q

What is environmental reductionism?

A

Explaining behaviour as a stimulus response that is learned (explains depression as learnt in life.)

41
Q

6 levels of reductionism?

A
  1. Sociocultural
  2. Psychological
  3. Physical
  4. Environmental
  5. Physiological
  6. Neurochemical
42
Q

Evaluations of holism?

A

(+) studying behaviours in a group setting, Zimbardo conformity.
(-) difficult to do scientifically, like with depression.

43
Q

Evaluations of reductionism?

A

(+) scientific explanation, seen in ASS.
(-) oversimplified so reduces validity.

44
Q

What is the conclusion of the holism vs reductionism debate?

A

A combination is needed, seen with treating depression using drugs and CBT.

45
Q

What does idiographic mean?

A

Uses case studies to investigate research, usually done on one person.
- quantative and qualitative.
- unstructured interviews.
- subjective.

46
Q

What are examples of idiographic research?

A

Genie Wiley and Little hans.

47
Q

Define nomothetic research?

A

Studies human behaviour by developing principles using experiments.
- quantative data.
- structured questions.
- objective.

48
Q

Examples of nomothetic research?

A

ASS and Milgram obedience study.

49
Q

Evaluations of idiographic?

A

(+) provided great detail, GW refutes theories.
(-) generalisations can’t be made.
(-) less scientific.

50
Q

Evaluations of nomothetic?

A

(+) more scientific, objectivity raises its status.
(-) loses understanding of the individual.

51
Q

Conclusions of the idiographic vs nomothetic debate?

A

Interactionist approach is required, seen in the memory topic as there were case studies of KF and CW. But also experiments like Baddely’s deep sea divers study.

52
Q

DRIPPC?

A

Deception
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Protection from harm
Privacy &
Confidentiality

53
Q

What are ethical implications?

A

The impact on individuals in the wider community after the research is published.

54
Q

What is social sensitivity?

A

Research that can have positive or negative implications on society.

55
Q

What do Sieber and Stanley say about socially sensitive research?

A

It relates to studies that potentially hold consequences directly for participants involved or those who is revolves around. Some areas like sex and gender and race are more controversial.

56
Q

Implications of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation research?

A

Positive:
- children were aloud to see there mother during hospital.
Negative:
- made same sex parents seem inadequate.
- effects working mothers.

57
Q

Implications of Milgram’s obedience?

A

Positive:
Offers explanation for Nazi Germany.
Negative:
Removed responsibility, creates alibi.

58
Q

Implications of Bandura’s bobo doll study?

A

Positive:
Created age ratings and makes parents aware of the effects of their own behaviour.
Negative:
Eliminates responsibility

59
Q

Evaluations of ethical implications?

A

(+) can have benefits for individuals, such as SS parents and homosexuals.
(-) can have negative effects, seen with Bowlby’s research.

60
Q

What is the conclusion of socially sensitive research?

A

Just avoid doing it, the American Psychological Association seems to be publishing less SS research.

Izzy’s Psych Revision Cards (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions