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Izzy’s Psych Revision Cards > Issues And Debates > Flashcards

Issues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Define universality?

A

A characteristic that can be applied to all despite differences in experience/upbringing.

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2
Q

A weakness of universality related to gender bias?

A

Has led to institutional sexism in psych, more men at senior level. Meaning they decide what is published.

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3
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

When research focuses on differences between men and women by devaluing women in an exaggerated way.
(Alpha male)

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4
Q

Examples of alpha bias research?

A
  • Evolutionary theory, Barbie and Ken sexuality.
  • Freud’s Oedipus complex, electra complex added later not by him.
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5
Q

A weakness of alpha bias related to gender bias?

A

Makes gender differences seemed fixed when they aren’t. Maccoby stated girls= better verbal ability and boys= better spatial ability. When there is no difference in brain.

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6
Q

What is beta bias?

A

Focuses on similarities between men and women as well as ignoring differences.
(Better)

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7
Q

What psych research has demonstrated beta bias?

A

Fight or flight response, only studied male animals and it was just assumed females were the same.

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8
Q

Define androcentrism?

A

When male centred behaviour is judged to standard, so female behaviour is deemed abnormal in comparison.
(Andy centred)

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9
Q

What research shows androcentrism?

A

Brescia and Uhlman on anger, male anger is normal and rational. But female is a medical condition and irrational (PMS.)

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10
Q

What is a weakness of androcentrism linked to gender bias?

A

(-) Can create misleading prejudicial assumptions and scientific justification of discrimination against women.
(-) Socially sensitive, ethical implications.

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11
Q

Define culture bias?

A

Ignoring cultural differences by assuming all are the same (universality.)

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12
Q

Evidence of culture bias?

A

In 1994, 64% psych researchers were American and 80% psych participants were American.

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13
Q

Define cultural relativism?

A

The fact that behaviour cannot be judged unless viewed in its own cultural context.

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14
Q

Define ethnocentrism?

A

View of superiority on a culture group.
(Ethnic center)

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15
Q

Evidence of ethnocentrism?

A

Western cultures that are seen as superior. Ainsworth’s SS is an example as secure attachment is the norm so there’s prejudice against collectivist cultures.

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16
Q

What are emic constructs?

A

Specific to a culture where behaviour within one culture is investigated.

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17
Q

What are etic constructs?

A

Analysis of behaviour that is universal across all cultures, looking from outside.

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18
Q

Evaluations of culture bias?

A

(+) Practical/theoretical applications, seen with the chitiling test that challenges universal IQ testing.
(-) Individual vs collectivist cultures aren’t always separated correctly.

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19
Q

What is the nature aspect?

A

Behaviour is determined by biology.

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20
Q

What supports the nature debate?

A

Twin studies.
(Hereditability coefficient)

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21
Q

What is the nurture aspect?

A

Says behaviour is determined by environment/experience.

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22
Q

What supports the nurture debate?

A

Behaviourist/SLT.
(Prenatal and postnatal environment)

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23
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

Combination of nature and nurture to explain behaviour.

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24
Q

What is the Diathesis stress model?

A

When a genetic vulnerability is triggered by the environment causing something like mental illness.

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25
Q

What’s one mental illness Diathesis stress model can account for?

A

Schizophrenia.

26
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

A change in genetic activity without changing genetic code.
(Environment interaction)

27
Q

An example of epigenetics?

A

Dias and Ressler (2014)
Rat study.

28
Q

Evaluations of nature vs nurture?

A

(+) Nestadt’s OCD research using Diathesis stress model.
(+) Adoption studies, polmin’s niche picking.
(+) Dias and Ressler for epigenetics.
(-) RWIs, extreme nature= Hitler and extreme nurture= conversion therapy.

29
Q

What is determinism?

A

The view that freewill doesn’t account for human behaviour.

30
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The belief that genes or hormones cause behaviour that we can’t control.
(ANS on stress and genes causing MH)

31
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

The belief that behaviour is caused by rewards or punishment.
(Positive or negative reinforcement)

32
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

The belief behaviour is the result of unconscious conflicts.
(Repressed childhood memories)

33
Q

What is freewill?

A

The belief that all humans are self determining and have control.

34
Q

Evaluations of determinism?

A

(+) casual/scientific explanation, uses lab studies.
(+) RWA, treating phobias and OCD.

35
Q

Evaluations of freewill?

A

(+) fits in with the law (rational choice.)
(-) Research evidence.

36
Q

What’s the conclusion of the free will vs determinism debate?

A

Interactionist perspective is best, both arguments are valid when put together but cognitive elements (4MPs) best explain.

37
Q

What is holism?

A

Studying something as a whole and not in separate parts.

38
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Studying human behaviour in smaller parts.

39
Q

What is biological reductionism?

A

Explains behaviour at lowest biological level (like depression being caused by low serotonin.)

40
Q

What is environmental reductionism?

A

Explaining behaviour as a stimulus response that is learned (explains depression as learnt in life.)

41
Q

6 levels of reductionism?

A
  1. Sociocultural
  2. Psychological
  3. Physical
  4. Environmental
  5. Physiological
  6. Neurochemical
42
Q

Evaluations of holism?

A

(+) studying behaviours in a group setting, Zimbardo conformity.
(-) difficult to do scientifically, like with depression.

43
Q

Evaluations of reductionism?

A

(+) scientific explanation, seen in ASS.
(-) oversimplified so reduces validity.

44
Q

What is the conclusion of the holism vs reductionism debate?

A

A combination is needed, seen with treating depression using drugs and CBT.

45
Q

What does idiographic mean?

A

Uses case studies to investigate research, usually done on one person.
- quantative and qualitative.
- unstructured interviews.
- subjective.

46
Q

What are examples of idiographic research?

A

Genie Wiley and Little hans.

47
Q

Define nomothetic research?

A

Studies human behaviour by developing principles using experiments.
- quantative data.
- structured questions.
- objective.

48
Q

Examples of nomothetic research?

A

ASS and Milgram obedience study.

49
Q

Evaluations of idiographic?

A

(+) provided great detail, GW refutes theories.
(-) generalisations can’t be made.
(-) less scientific.

50
Q

Evaluations of nomothetic?

A

(+) more scientific, objectivity raises its status.
(-) loses understanding of the individual.

51
Q

Conclusions of the idiographic vs nomothetic debate?

A

Interactionist approach is required, seen in the memory topic as there were case studies of KF and CW. But also experiments like Baddely’s deep sea divers study.

52
Q

DRIPPC?

A

Deception
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Protection from harm
Privacy &
Confidentiality

53
Q

What are ethical implications?

A

The impact on individuals in the wider community after the research is published.

54
Q

What is social sensitivity?

A

Research that can have positive or negative implications on society.

55
Q

What do Sieber and Stanley say about socially sensitive research?

A

It relates to studies that potentially hold consequences directly for participants involved or those who is revolves around. Some areas like sex and gender and race are more controversial.

56
Q

Implications of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation research?

A

Positive:
- children were aloud to see there mother during hospital.
Negative:
- made same sex parents seem inadequate.
- effects working mothers.

57
Q

Implications of Milgram’s obedience?

A

Positive:
Offers explanation for Nazi Germany.
Negative:
Removed responsibility, creates alibi.

58
Q

Implications of Bandura’s bobo doll study?

A

Positive:
Created age ratings and makes parents aware of the effects of their own behaviour.
Negative:
Eliminates responsibility

59
Q

Evaluations of ethical implications?

A

(+) can have benefits for individuals, such as SS parents and homosexuals.
(-) can have negative effects, seen with Bowlby’s research.

60
Q

What is the conclusion of socially sensitive research?

A

Just avoid doing it, the American Psychological Association seems to be publishing less SS research.

Izzy’s Psych Revision Cards (6 decks)

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