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Izzy’s Psych Revision Cards > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Relays nerve impulses from CNS to rest of body.

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3
Q

What’s in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system.

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Maintains communication between CNS and environment. Has sensory receptors and motor pathways.

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Involved in homeostasis, has motor pathways and also the SNS and PNS.

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares the body for fight or flight, so increases heart rate and slows digestion for example.

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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Relaxes the body as it returns to homeostasis, slows/reinstates processes.

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8
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic work…

A

Antagonistically.

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9
Q

What is in the endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal medulla and cortex
Ovaries
Testes

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10
Q

Pineal gland produces…

A

Melatonin.

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Stimulates and controls release of hormones from pituitary.

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12
Q

What does the pituitary gland do.

A

Acts as the master gland of release of hormones.

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13
Q

The thyroid gland releases…

A

Thyroxine.
(Regulates metabolism)

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14
Q

Adrenal medulla releases…

A

Adrenaline.

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15
Q

Adrenal cortex releases…

A

Cortisol.

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16
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Release oestrogen, are responsible for female puberty and reproduction.

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17
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Release testosterone, responsible for male puberty and development.

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18
Q

How does the endocrine work with the ANS in the fight or flight response?

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects stressor, instructing ANS.
  2. ANS gets medulla to release adrenaline.
  3. Physiological changes.
  4. After threat, PNS returns body to homeostasis.
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19
Q

Endocrine response in f or f?

A
  1. Hypothalamus- CRF
  2. Pituitary gland-ACTH
  3. Adrenal cortex= cortisol.
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20
Q

Sensory neurons?

A
  • mainly in peripheral.
  • first in reflex arc.
  • long dendrites, small axons
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21
Q

Relay neurons?

A
  • stay in nervous system.
  • second in reflex arc.
  • short dendrites, short axons.
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22
Q

Motor neurons?

A
  • mainly in peripheral.
  • third in reflex arc.
  • short dendrites, long axons.
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23
Q

What do myelin sheath do?

A

Protect axon by insulation and speed up the electrical impulse.

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24
Q

What do nodes of ranvier do?

A

Speed up transmission of impulse.

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25
Q

Parts of a neuron…

A

Axon
Axon terminals
Dendrites
Nucleus
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier

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26
Q

Electric synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Neuron is firstly negative in a resting state.
  2. Neuron is activated and made positive for split second.
  3. Causing action potential, so impulse travels down axon to axon terminals.
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27
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Action potential arrives in pre synaptic neuron of synapse.
  2. Vesicles release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap.
  3. These diffuse and bind to receptors on post synaptic neuron, causing action potential.
  4. Neurotransmitter is reabsorbed bis reuptake.
  5. Excitation, summation, inhibition.
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28
Q

Excitation is a … charge … chance of impulse?

A

Positive,
Increasing.

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29
Q

Inhibition is a … charge … chance of impulse?

A

Negative,
Decreasing.

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30
Q

Summation is a … response?

A

All or nothing.

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31
Q

The motor cortex?

A
  • frontal lobe of both.
  • controls opposite side movements.
  • damage= paralysis.
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32
Q

Broca’s area?

A
  • left frontal lobe.
  • speech production.
  • damage= lack fluency (B aphasia)
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33
Q

Wernicke’s area?

A
  • left temporal lobe.
  • language understanding.
  • damage= unreal words but fluent (W aphasia)
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34
Q

Auditory area?

A
  • temporal lobes.
  • sound
  • damage= hearing loss and unable to comprehend language.
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35
Q

Visual cortex?

A
  • both occipital lobe.
  • RVF to LVC and LVF to RVC.
  • damage= blindness.
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36
Q

Somata sensory area?

A
  • both parietal lobes.
  • processing of sensory info through skin.
  • some areas more sensitive.
  • separate from motor areas by central culcus.
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37
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of brain, humans is more developed than animals.

38
Q

Hemispheres?

A

Left hand side is controlled by right hemisphere, right hand side is controlled by left hemisphere (cross lateralisation.)

39
Q

Evaluations of localisation?

A

+ brain scans.
+ cingulomotomy for OCD.
+ Phineas Gage case study.
- Lashley rat study.

40
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Idea that two halves of brain are different and have specialisms, left is language and right is visual motor cortex.

41
Q

How are the 2 halves of brain connected?

A

Corpus Callosum.

42
Q

Why is language lateralised in left hemisphere?

A

Broca and Wernicke areas, it’s the analyser.

43
Q

What can’t do the right hemisphere do?

A

Cannot produce emotional context with phrases, so is synthesiser.

44
Q

Sperry and Gazzangia split brain research?

A
  • wanted to research extent of specialisation for each side using epileptic patients.
  • used tachistoscope, 11 participants had an image projected to LVF via RH and RVF via LH. Those with serve couldnt convey from h to the other.
45
Q

Findings from S and G’s split brain research?

A
  • when shown object to RVF (LH) they could describe it, but when to LVF (RH) they said there was nothing there.
  • this was due to undergoing a commisurotomy for treating epilepsy, so info couldn’t be communicated.
  • conclusion= certain functions are lateralised like language, supporting LH being verbal and RH being silent but emotional.
46
Q

Evaluation of hemispheric lateralisation and split brain?

A

+ methodology was standardised procedure, validity.
- sample may have had confounding variables as compared to a neurotypical CG.

47
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The brains tendency to add and change physically by learning.

48
Q

How does plasticity occur in infancy?

A

15,000 new synaptic connections due to learning, synaptic pruning occurs to the unused ones at around age 3.

49
Q

Maguire (2002) … study?

A

Taxi driver.

50
Q

What did Maguire’s study involve?

A

Studying grey matter in brains of London taxi drivers. Found that their learning for the Knowledge test changed their brain structure. Positive correlation.

51
Q

What is grey matter associated with in plasticity?

A

Development of navigation skills in humans (Maguire.)

52
Q

What is functional recovery?

A

The brains ability to redistribute functions after trauma from damaged to undamaged area.

53
Q

What is the fast stage in FR?

A

Spontaneous recovery.
Slows down after weeks and months, rehab is needed.

54
Q

What is the slow stage in FR?

A

Th brain rewrites itself by performing new synaptic connections.
- axonal sprouting.
-reformation of blood vessels.
- secondary pathways.

55
Q

What case study supports plasticity and functional recovery?

A

Richard Gray.

56
Q

What happened to Richard Gray?

A

Suffered a stroke, had left hemisphere removed in surgery and replaced with a plate. He had neurorehabilitation.

57
Q

Evaluations of plasticity and FR?

A

+ Richard gray.
+ sensory/mind therapies.
+ RWA, Rafielle hospital.
- not all brains recover (education.)

58
Q

4 ways of studying the brain?

A
  • post mortem.
  • FMRI.
  • EEG.
  • ERP.
59
Q

What is a post mortem?

A

Examination of brain when a person dies.

60
Q

Evaluations of a post mortem?

A

+ Broca’s area discovery.
- Dead brain, not active one.

61
Q

What is an FMRI?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Measures brain activity while a person performs a task ( looks at blood flow and oxygen in brain.)

62
Q

Evaluations of FMRI?

A

+ no radiation.
+ spatial validity, detail.
- low temporal validity, 5 seconds.

63
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroenphalagram
Measures electrical activity on the scalp , used to detect Alzheimer’s and epilepsy.

64
Q

Evaluations of EEG?

A

+ accurate.
+ monitoring sleep stages.
- can’t pin point neural activity.

65
Q

What’s an ERP?

A

Event related potentials.
Uses EEG to measure small voltage (within 100 ms is sensory, after 100 ms is cognitive.)

66
Q

Evaluations of ERP?

A

+ temporal resolution.
+ can measure cognitive functions.
- could be extraneous variables.

67
Q

What are biological rhythms?

A

Cyclical changes in how the body behaves, different lengths.

68
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Lasts 24 hours, sleep wake cycle.

69
Q

Siffre’s circadian rhythm research?

A

Spent time in a cave without light, found his free running bio rhythm was 25 hours.

70
Q

Sleep is a … biological rhythm which can be…

A

Free running, entrained.

71
Q

Evaluations of Siffre research?

A

+ Aschoff and Weaver replication.
- case study.
- confounding variable (flashlight.)

72
Q

Folkard’s research?

A

12 participants lived in a cave for a well and the clock was sped up, made day/rhythm be 22 hours. One person adjusted, suggesting strength.

73
Q

Evaluations or circadian rhythms?

A

+ RWA, drug treatments.
- individual differences, not all same.
- siffre methodology.

74
Q

What is an infradian rhythm?

A

Last longer than a day but shorter than a year.
( menstrual cycle and seasonal affective disorder.)

75
Q

Menstrual cycle?

A

28 days, progesterone and oestrogen.

76
Q

Stern and McClintock study showed…

A

Cycles can be synchronised, pheromones (EZ) can sink cycles.

77
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

Occurs in winter, due to low melatonin and serotonin (lack of light.)

78
Q

Evaluations of infradian rhythms.

A

+ natural selection (cycles in women.)
+ RWA, light box for SAD.
- S and M methodology.
- Determinism, Ms English.

79
Q

What is an ultradian rhythm?

A

Less than a day or happen multiple times a day.
(stages of sleep.)

80
Q

Stages of sleep…

A
  • 1-4 are non REM, 4 is deep sleep.
  • 5 is REM, dreaming.
  • 90 min cycle runs 5 times.
81
Q

Waves in sleep stages?

A
  • Beta= awake.
  • Alpha= 1 and 2.
  • Delta= 3 and 4.
  • Theta= 5.
82
Q

Evaluations of ultradian rhythms?

A

+ understanding of sleep, dreaming.
+ variables controlled in studies.
- can’t be generalised^
- simplistic, not all same.

83
Q

Endogenous pacemakers are…

A

Biological clocks that are internally controlled.

84
Q

SCN?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Obtains info from light from optic nerve.

85
Q

What did Decoursey do?

A

Destroyed SCN in 30 chipmunks, their sleep wake cycles disappeared and lots were killed by predators.

86
Q

How is the pineal gland a EP?

A

It secretes melatonin, which regulates the sleep wake cycle.

87
Q

Evaluations of Endogenous pacemakers?

A

+ siffre research.
+ Decoursey supports role of SCN.
- animal studies difficulties.

88
Q

Exogenous zeitgebers are…

A

External cues that are externally controlled.

89
Q

What is the most dominant EZ?

A

Light.

90
Q

How did Murphy investigate light as an EZ for sleep?

A

Wine participants through the night by shinning light on the back of their knees. Light effects entrainment.

91
Q

What social cue affects baby and jet lag sleep entrainment?

A

Food.

92
Q

Evaluations of exogenous zeitgebers?

A

+ RWA of social cues.
+ siffre research, interactionist.
- fails to account for Greenland ( 6 months darkness) so not the same for all environments.

Izzy’s Psych Revision Cards (6 decks)

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