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Psychology Paper 3 > Issue 1- Practical Issues in the design and implementation of research > Flashcards

Issue 1- Practical Issues in the design and implementation of research Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the practical issues of cognitive psychology? (5)

A
  1. Use of lab exeriments
  2. Use of case studies
  3. Artificial tasks
  4. Demand characteristics
  5. Variables
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2
Q

In cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of lab experiments?

A
  • Credible and scientific as there is strict control over extraneous variables
  • Often uses a volunteer sample, they may be biased in some way or different somehow
  • Standardised procedure allows for strict control over extraneous variables
  • Good applications
  • Can establish a cause and effect relationship due to high control
  • Low ecological validity
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3
Q

In cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of case studies?

A
  • Low level of generalisability as all individuals are unique and each case of brain damage is unique
  • Low level of reliability as it is impossibe to control all aspects of their lives and it is impossible to repeat exactly due to the personal nature of it
  • Conducted in a natural setting which reduces order effects
  • Can gather rich, in depth data both qualitative and quantitative
  • Time consuming
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4
Q

In cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of artificial tasks?

A
  • If the task does not accurately reflect the everyday life behaviour it is investigating, it can be argued that there is no point in doing the research
  • We can’t be sure that the exact behaviour we want to study is being demonstrated
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5
Q

In cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of demand characteristics and experimenter effects?

A
  • As the lab is an artificial environment, the participants will know that they are being studied and investigated. Therefore they will change their behaviour to reflect what they think they should be doing.
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6
Q

In cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of variables?

A
  • Extraneous- any variable you are not intentionally studying.
  • Confounding- factors other than the independent variable that may casue a result
  • Participant- the differing individual characteristics of participants in an experiment.
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7
Q

What are the practical issues of social psychology? (5)

A
  1. Lab experiments
  2. Questionnaires and interviews
  3. Demand characteristics and deception
  4. Social desireability bias
  5. Thematic analysis
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8
Q

In social psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of lab experiments?

A
  • Credible and scientific as there is strict control over extraneous variables
  • Often uses a volunteer sample, they may be biased in some way or different somehow
  • Standardised procedure allows for strict control over extraneous variables
  • Good applications
  • Can establish a cause and effect relationship due to high control
  • Low ecological validity
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9
Q

In social psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of questionnaires and interviews?

A
  • Deciet in the form of distracter questions
  • Quantitative data from closed questions (objectivity) and qualitative data from open questions (subjectivity)
  • Interviewing vulnerable people such as children or those with learning difficulties may not understandd the repercussions
  • Language needs to be able to be understod by everyone so questions need to cater for all intelligence levels without being patronising
  • Interviewer effects
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10
Q

In social psychology, what are the practical issues with demand characteristics and deception?

A
  • Becuase social psychology is all about socially sensitive areas, there is the possibility for demand characterists to arise. In order to avoid this, deception is used which presents ethical issues.
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11
Q

In social psychology, what are the practical issues with social desireability bias?

A
  • This may occur as a result of answering questionnaires or interviews in an untruthful way in order to seem more appealing to society and follow the norms. This may prevent getting valid answers.
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12
Q

In social psychology, what are the practical issues with thematic analysis?

A
  • Issues with subjectivity because of researchers choosing what themes to look for and what counds as each behaviour
  • Potential for good inter rater reliability if multiple researchers work together.
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13
Q

What are the practical issues of learning psychology? (3)

A
  1. animal studies
  2. structured observations
  3. participant observations
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14
Q

In learning psychology, what are the practical issues with animal studies?

A
  • Valid as we are able to study things in animals which would be unethical to study in humans
  • Reliable as they tend to use quantitative data which is objective
  • Low generalisability as humans are more complex than animals and are capable of higher order thinking
  • High reliability as it followed a standardised procedure
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15
Q

In learning psychology, what are the practical issues with structured observations?

A
  • More reliable due to control over independent variables to recreate the situation
  • Higher internal validity as extraneous variables can be controlled
  • Lower ecological validity
  • More expensive to conduct as it is time consuming
  • Opportunistic sample might not be very representative of the general population
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16
Q

In learning psychology, what are the practical issues with participant observations?

A
  • Not reliable due to a lack of control over independent variables, it relies on natural events.
  • Low validity due to lack of control over extraneous variables, however high ecological validity due to mundane realism.
  • Less expensive
  • Opportunistic sample
  • Not generalisable
17
Q

What are the practical issues of biological psychology? (2)

A
  1. Brain scans
  2. Twin and adoption studies
18
Q

In biological psychology, what are the practical issues with brain scans?

A
  • PET scans- measure the levels of activity in the brain in terms of glucose use
  • CAT scans- only look at the structure of the brain
  • fMRI scans- meause the levels of activity in the brain by looking at blood flow
  • Objective
  • Scientific
  • Quantitative
  • Lacks validity- an artificial setting so it lacks mundane realism
19
Q

In biological psychology, what are the practical issues with twin and adoption studies?

A
  • Can studyboth MZ twins and DZ twins to look at environmental differences
  • Study aggression- is it due to nature or nurture
  • Volunteer sample- are they different if they have a desire to volunteer
  • Concordance rates are never 100%
  • Issues with control
20
Q

What are the practical issues of criminal psychology? (2)

A
  1. Lab experiments
  2. Case studies
21
Q

In criminal psychology, what are the practical issues with lab experiments?

A
  • Credible and scientific as there is strict control over extraneous variables
  • Often uses a volunteer sample, they may be biased in some way or different somehow
  • Standardised procedure allows for strict control over extraneous variables
  • Good applications
  • Can establish a cause and effect relationship due to high control
  • Low ecological validity
22
Q

In criminal psychology, what are the practical issues with case studies?

A
  • Very detailed and rich in depth making it highly valid
  • Data is gathered from real life situations
  • Only generalisable to the same unique situation as the person it was investigated on
  • Brain scans don’t allow us to establish cause and effect as the brain scan is only taken after someone has commited the crime
23
Q

What are the practical issues of clinical psychology? (3)

A
  • Qualitative data from case studies and interviews
  • Case studies
  • Primary and secondary data
24
Q

In clinical psychology, what are the practical issues with qualitative data?

A
  • Rich in depth that is high in validity
  • Subjective so there is room for bias
25
Q

In clinical psychology, what are the practical issues with case studies?

A
  • Not generalisable as it is only one person with a unique set of symptoms
  • low reliability as it is a unique circumstance
  • Qualitative data
  • High drop out rate leads to a decreased ability to infer cause and effect
26
Q

In clinical psychology, what are the practical issues with primary and secondary data?

A
  • Primary- gathered directly from the thing that you’re studying
  • Secondary- already collected data from previous research
27
Q

In clinical psychology, what are the practical issues with meta analysis?

A
  • High generalisability as can have a range of different data from different participants
  • Lots of different methods, when they all agree it shows high reliability
  • Secondary data is collected which is subjective but it is faster and cheaper

Psychology Paper 3 (12 decks)

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