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Archaeology > Israelite Iron Age, I&II (1200-586BC) > Flashcards

Israelite Iron Age, I&II (1200-586BC) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Tanach (Old Testament)?

A

A collection of 24 books written in different periods and collected into one book/sacred canon

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2
Q

How did the writing of the Tanach change in the 5th century BC

A

Change of the script from Canaanite-Phoenician to Assyrian/Aramaic

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3
Q

What is the Masoretic text? When was it formulated?

A

(final copies/formulations of the Hebrew Bible) was formulated in the 6th-10th century AD

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4
Q

What is the Documetary hypothesis (DH) (Shitat hamekorot)?

A
  • Theory/model by which biblical scholars explain the origin and composition of the Torah/Pentateuch. The theory states that the Torah were not completely written by Moses but by different authors over time.
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5
Q

How does the DH explain the origin of the Torah? (4 points)

A
  • The content of these books started in oration throughout many generations of ancient Israelis - out of of life, beliefs, fears and hopes.
  • Every few generations people arose who felt the need to formally shape this product, so they collected the oral stories, put them in writing and edited them and created one text.
  • Over time, several such works were formed and a later editor decided to attach them together and turn them into a unified creation. The editors linked different unconnected sections together to make for a complete and uniform work.
  • Despite this, he also made sure not to distort/offend the original texts because of their sanctity
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6
Q

Outline the years of Biblical History from the Patriarchs down to the Return to Zion after the Babylonian exile - including the corresponding Prophets and/or Kings

A
  • 2100-1800 BC - Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob)
  • 1700-1300 BC - Egypt (Joseph and Moses)
  • 1500-1300 BC - Exodus, conquest and settlement (Moses and Joshua)
  • 1200-1100 BC - Judges (the various judges and Samuel)
  • 1000-930 BC - United Monarchy of Israel Period - Saul, David and Solomon
  • 930-586 BC - Separation of the Kingdom, Exile of the Kingdom of Israel. Exile of the Kingdom of Judah and destruction of the 1st Temple (Kings of Israel & Judah, the Prophets)
  • 586-537 BC - Babylonian Exile (Isaiah, Ezekiel)
  • 537-516 BC - Return of Zion and construction of the Second Temple (Ezra, Nehemiah)
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7
Q

How did the ethnic structure of the country change during the iron age? Outline the ethnic structure of the land of Israel at the time

A

In the transition to the Iron Age, a new ethnic-political structure emerged

  • Philistines (and other Gentiles)
  • Israelites
  • Phoenicians/Canaanites
  • Reds
  • Moabites
  • Ammonites
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8
Q

What are the Judean Mountains?

Where were the settlements of the Judean Mountains mostly located? Why?

A

Judean Mountains - mountain range in Israel and West Bank where Jerusalem and several other biblical cities are located

The topography of the central mountain led to the concentration of settlements to be mostly around small inner valleys

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9
Q

Were there relations between the various inhabitants/settlements of the Judean Mountains? Yes or No? What is the evidence for this?

A

The inhabitants of the Judean mountains operated in limited and isolated frameworks

The minimal ceramic findings indicated that these are small groups with limited inter-relationships, scarce trade and local production systems

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10
Q

What were the Judean settlements like in size, structure, and fortification?

A
  • Size: Small (4-5 dunams - 1 dunam = 1000sqm)
  • Structure: Perimeter, sequential arrangement of the houses, with their openings/doors inwards towards an open area/field in the center
  • Fortification: Most are not fortified - no weapons - no signs of destruction
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11
Q

Was agriculture available? Where did they get their water from? (Judean settlements)

A

Settled near pastures and agricultural sites, water found in cisterns or springs

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12
Q

Was there public infrastructure? (Judean settlements)

A

No public buildings/constructions in them, No addresses

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13
Q

How were the houses structured? Out of what material were they built? (Judean settlements)

A
  • The four-room Israelite house is named thus because its floor plan is divided into four sections, although not all four are proper rooms, one often being a unroofed courtyard
  • Usually made of unchiseled field stones (אבני שדה לא מסותתות)
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14
Q

Was there worship? (Judean settlements)

A

There is almost no evidence of worship (except for the site of the bull and Mount Ebal)

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15
Q

Was there trade? (Judean settlements)

A

Isolated from the trade routes and without commercial connections, but still managed to support themselves

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16
Q

What were the ceramics like? (2 points)

A

small, simple, undecorated set of everyday tools - jars with neck lips

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17
Q

How were the Judean settlements different from the urban towns? (2 points)

A

most living areas/towns were urban, with public construction (palaces, temples), rich ceramic variety

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18
Q

What was their diet like?
What were their graves like?
Did they have luxuries?
(Judean settlements)

A
  • No luxuries (no imported utensils and almost no jewelry)
  • No graves were discovered
  • Diet: Did not eat pork
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19
Q

Explain the three theories for the origins of the Judean settlements during the Iron Age? (MQC)

A
  • Military conquest - according to the Book of Joshua and Judges - the settlements originated when the Israelites captured the lands of Arad, Jericho, Hatzor, Lachish and the cities of the Judean foothills/Shepelah) after their exodus from the land of Egypt in the late Bronze Age.
  • Quiet settlement - according to this theory the settlement occurred in reverse, first beginning with the settlement of unorganized nomadic groups, and later being organized together to form a national ethos and community
  • Canaanite origins (the sociological school) - according to this theory, the settlements originated out of local Canaanites and of foreign nomadic tribes
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20
Q

Who were the Sea Peoples/Gentiles?

A

Purported seafaring confederation that attacked ancient Egypt and other regions in the East Mediterranean prior to and during the Late Bronze Age collapse (1200-900 BCE).

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21
Q

Where did the sea gentiles originate?

A

A number of hypotheses concerning the origins, identities and motives of the Sea Peoples described in the records have been formulated. There is a hypothesis which states that the sea peoples were of Philistine origin

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22
Q

What was the significance of the Sea Gentiles?

A

The sea gentiles fought the Egyptians (who had control/power in the land of Israel). They were an important factor in reducing Egypt’s power in the land of Israel.

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23
Q

What evidence do we have of the Sea Peoples? (2)

A

Papyrus Harris I- An Egyptian hieratic text written on papyrus containing a brief summary of the reign of King Ramessess III, including his battles with the Sea Gentiles

The Amarna letters - contain four letters relating to the Sea Peoples - the letters make mention of survivors that were employed in the Egyptian military and seamen are described as bandits/pirates

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24
Q

What are examples of sites with Philistine findings? (GAEGA)

A

Gezer, Ashdod, Ekron, Gat, Ashkelon

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25
Q

What kind of names did Philistines have? Did they own luxury? Did they have public infrastructure/construction?

A
  • Traditional semitic names
  • Yes they owned luxury items
  • Yes they had public constructions such as temples
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26
Q

What was Philistine housing like (structure)?

A

Mainly two-room buildings with a fireplace

27
Q

What was the burial tradition? (Philistines)

A

Various tombs - anthropoid coffins

Also cremated.

28
Q

What do we know about what they worshipped and where? (Philistines)

A

Worshipped in shrines and temples

Worshipped - ashdod figurines, goddess Pathgia

29
Q

What was their diet like? (Philistines) - (4 points)

A

Eating of birds, fish, pork and non-local foods

30
Q

What style and look did their military tools have? (Philistines)

A

Aegean-style ceramic finds with red and black decorations of geometric models

31
Q

What was special about their clothing? (Philistines)

A

Clothing: prepared fabrics in a different way than was customary in the land of Israel

32
Q

What is the Ekron Inscription? What does it tell us? On what peoples does it serve as an important primary resource?

A

an inscription, written some 500 years after the Philistines first settled in the Land, found in the temple in Ekron. Informs us that the temple was dedicated by Achish, son of Padi, ruler of Ekron, to his patron goddess Pathgia. An important primary resources on the Philistines.

33
Q

What was special about Philistine ceramics? How did the decoration evolve? (4 points)

A
  • Special shape, different from the local ceramics
    • Initially - monochromatic, the decoration only in red and mainly spiral ornaments/drawings (Mycenean C3)
    • Later - duo-chromatic, black and red decorations - and decorations of birds and fish
    • Finally - ceramics degenerated back into monochromatic - decorations in black only
34
Q

Who were the three kings of the United Monarchy of Israel?

A

Saul, David, Solomon

35
Q

How was Saul chosen? How did the tribes become unified?

A

After the conquest of the land and the period of disconnected settlements, which lasted about two hundred years, the children of Israel asked the prophet Samuel to choose for them a king, “like all the nations”. God anointed Saul to be king over all the tribes of Israel and so Saul united the tribes of Israel under one kingdom.

36
Q

To where did the kingdom spread under Saul? (United Monarchy)

A

The kingdom spread to the mountainous regions of Judea, Samaria, and the Galilee

37
Q

How did Saul die?

A

Death of Saul: Saul went to war against the Philistines at Gilboa, knowing or believing in advance that he would be killed. In the midst of battle, he is severely wounded by the archers of the enemy. In the end, Saul commits suicide by falling on his own sword.

38
Q

How long did David rule in Hebron (Judah)?

A

7 years

39
Q

When and why (socially) did David make Jerusalem the capital of Israel?

A

When he was appointed king over all Israel, because Jerusalem was an isolated city that did not belong to any tribe and therefore was acceptable to everyone

40
Q

What did David do that made Jerusalem the religious center of the people?

A

David raised the Ark of the Covenant to the capital and thus transformed the city to the religious center of the people

41
Q

Did David build the Temple?

A

David was preparing to build the Temple in Jerusalem, but could not - It was eventually built by his son Solomon.

42
Q

What was the name of the original city of Jerusalem as established by David? What is the difference between the Jerusalem of then and now?

A

The City of David.

Difference between then and now (Jerusalem): Nowadays, it refers to an archaeological site on the southeast hill of contemporary East Jerusalem - which is thought to constitute the original settlement core of Jerusalem during the Bronze and Iron Age

43
Q

Who was Solomon?

A

Son of David & Bathsheba

44
Q

What political and economic changes happened under King Solomon?

A
  • Kingdom reached a tremendous economic boom, and developed cultural and commercial relations
  • Solomon divided the country into commissions and established a government and extensive bureacracies
45
Q

What did Solomon do that provoked unrest & revolts?

A

Solomon established a system of forced labor in Israel in order to build the Temple

46
Q

Who helped Solomon build the Temple?

A

flint people

47
Q

Why was the 10th century BC called the “Disappearing Century” up until the last 40 years?

A
  • Until the 1980s, the country’s archaeological research was established largely on the Bible
  • The United Monarchy of Israel had no actual documentation in external sources
  • Additionally, despite all the excavations in Jerusalem, there were almost no dated finds to the days of David and Solomon
  • The 10th century BC was called the “Disappearing Century” due to the paucity of finds in Jerusalem and in the whole country
48
Q

Outline the main archaeological evidence sites/findings we have of the United Monarchy of Israel in the 10th century BC

A
  • City of David site
  • Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer
  • Horbat Qayafa
  • Tel Dan Stele
  • Mesha Stele/Moabite Stone
49
Q

What is the City of David?

A

The original ancient city of Jerusalem was called the City of David. Nowadays, it refers to an archaeological site on the southeast hill of contemporary East Jerusalem - which is thought to constitute the original settlement core of Jerusalem during the Bronze and Iron Age

50
Q

What is the Stepped Stone Stucture? Where is it found?

A

Stepped Stone Structure in Royal Quarter (Area G)-The stepped wall hillside of area G (name for a special archaeological area within the site) is the retaining wall of what many archaeologists believe to be the “Citadel of Zion” mentioned in King David’s conquest of the city (2 Samuel 5:9)

51
Q

What are Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer? Who built them? When were they excavated? What is the archaeological consensus on these sites?

A
  • Three Canaanite city states
  • The Bible says in 1 King 9:15 that Solomon built Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer
  • Archaeologists excavated these sites throughout the 20th century
  • Archaeologists dispute whether these excavations can be attributed to Solomon
52
Q

What is the Horbat Qayafa (Elah Fortress)? To what archaeological period does it belong to? When was it discovered? Next to what city/town is it located?

A
  • archaeological site of an ancient fortress city overlooking the Elah Valley
  • dated to the 10th century BC
  • Discovered in 2007
  • Near Beit Shemesh
53
Q

What is the Horbat Qayafa Ostracon? What is an ostracon? What does it say on the ostracon?

A

ostracon: a trapezoid-shaped potsherd/slab

an inscription containing five lines of Proto-Canaanite text found on this site.

The writing on the ostracon is poorly preserved and difficult to read. Various archaeologists have proposed different readings

54
Q

What is the Tel Dan Stele? What is the archaelogical consensus on the text of the stele? What detail does it give?

A
  • Fragmentary stele containing a Canaanite inscription discovered in 1993 in Tel Dan.
  • The interpretation of the text is disputed.
  • It details that an individual killed Jehoram, the son of Ahab, king of Israel and the king of the house of David.
  • Many archaeologists believe that it seems to be describing the victory of Hazael, king of Aram, over his enemies.
55
Q

When and how did the United Monarchy split?

A
  • Jeroboam’s Revolt - an armed revolt against Rehoboam, successor of his father Solomon as king of the United Monarchy, led by Jeroboam in the late 10th Century BC
  • As a result, the kingdom split in two at around 928 BC: Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah
56
Q

Whom did the Kingdom of Israel consist of? (hint: GARMELDIZN)

A

The kingdom of Israel consisted of the Ten Lost Tribes (GARMELDIZN)

57
Q

What was the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel?

A

Nablus

58
Q

What did Jeroboam do in response to the fact that they did not have the First Temple within their territories?

A

In Israel, Jeroboam erected altars and golden calves in Beit El and in Dan

59
Q

Who was Shishak? Where is he mentioned in the Bible? Who is he usually identified with in Egyptian history? In what century did he live?

A

Egyptian pharaoh mentioned in the Bible in 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles

Usually identified with Shoshenq I (Egyptian pharaoh and founder of the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt) by historians/archaeologists - lived in the 9th Century BC

60
Q

What was Shishak’s campaign? When did it occur? How large was his manpower? What archaeological evidences do we have of his campaign?(2)? What did he do to Jerusalem?

A
  • Shishak went on a campaign of conquest in Israel and Judah
  • In the 5th year of Rehoboam’s reign, Shishak swept through Judah with a powerful army of 60,000 horsemen and 1,200 chariots
  • At the Temple of Amun-Re in Karnak (Egypt), a topographic relief with a list of all the cities of Israel and Judah he had presumably conquered has been preserved
  • Sacked Jerusalem - stole all the treasures of the First Temple built by Solomon
  • ## Estella in Megiddo - Destroyed city of Megiddo only partially and established in it an Estella of victory, a fragment of which has been found in Megiddo
61
Q

Under what Kings and Empire did the Kingdom of Israel gradually fall?

A

Assyrian Empire: Plasser III, Shalmanesser V, Sargon II

62
Q

What did Plasser III accomplish in his military campaign? When did it occur?

A

In 733 BC, made a military expedition, destroying Hazor and Megiddo, and conquered the Galilee, the coastal plain and across East Jordan. Exiled part of the kingdom of Israel

63
Q

What did Plasser III do with the inhabitants after his military campaign? How did his campaign affect Israel’s territory?

A
  • According to annals of the discovery of Plasser III, he exiled the inhabitants of these areas to Assyria and imposed a heavy tax on the remaining residents
  • As a result, Israel’s rule was reduced to the Mount Ephraim area only
64
Q

What did Shalmanesser V do in his military campaign? What did he accomplish? Was he able to complete his campaign?

A
  • Shalmanasser embarked on a military campaign, layed siege to Samaria for 3 years, conquered it, killed the king and exiled the inhabitants of Israel (supposedly)
  • The conclusion of his campaign is sometimes attributed to his army minister and successor, Sargon II

Archaeology (13 decks)

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