Iso Flashcards
No matter what the source the key component is that formal processes and evolutions–
Are in writing
Operational environment
Operational triad
Procedures equipment personnel
Strict process with little or no flexibility
Procedure
Both formal and informal processes can increase the
Overall safety of the department
The first step in the development of a formal SOP or SOG is establishing an administrative process to
Create edit alter or delete established processes
Once topic areas have been defined the writing of–
SOPs Can begin
Atmosphere that would cause immediate health risk to a person who do not have PPE and/or SCBA
IDLH atmosphere
What makes a good SOP
Firefighters follow it
Good SOPs start with good writing. good writing starts with a—
Clear outlined and the use of simple language
Above all a well applied SOP—
Improves departmental safety
The ISOs role in procedures deals with—– something like a—-
Application and review
quality control officers function
The ISO who witnesses a failure to follow SOP’s during an incident should–
Make a notation and bring up the infraction during post incident analysis or the next scheduled safety committee meeting
The practical application of SOPs puts the ISO in the
Best place to suggest changes to SOP’s or even help create new ones
—–Helps but is arguably the least important factor in the operational tree of procedure equipment and personnel
Equipment
By looking at a fire department scope of offered services we can quickly determine whether it lacks the —–necessary for safe operations
Equipment
CO detectors are designed to activate with that little as
20 PPM
- Types of incidents
- equipment necessary to safely handled the incidents
with the two lists in hand officers must discuss the equipment possibilities and place a— mark next to the items that are essential to safe operations and a— next to the nice to have items
Check
circle
Known as CFR’s these codes often outline the equipment required for a given process to be accomplished
OSHA regulations
The vast majority of fire service equipment is tailored to meet or exceed—
NFPA standards
These consensus standards are designed to offer a minimum applicable standard for equipment design application and maintenance
NFPA standards
–Many equipment manufacturers use these agencies the show that their equipment needs or exceeds design and performance requirements
NIOSH ANSI UL
Equipment utilized for incident operations is no better than the–
Care and maintenance receives
Because many firefighters may use and maintain a piece of equipment the complete documentation of—-is essential
Repairs and maintenance
A quick look at firefighter injury and death statistics show what
Equipment can make a difference
Physical fitness equipment is actually–
Firefighter safety equipment
High-tech tools allow firefighters to–
Work more safely and monitor their health
—-Continues to evolve with added safety features
Fire apparatus
The insulative quality of structural gear is given a relative value known as—
Thermal protective performance TPP
A value rating given to the insulative quality of structural personal protective clothing and equipment
Thermal protective performance TPP
Durability when exposed to flash fire event
A successful safety program usually works in tandem with a
Successful training program
The effective ISO understands the relationship of
Equipment to safety
In some cases equipment designed to improve safety can actually lead to
Greater risk-taking
When discussing the effect of—— many options philosophies and emotions have to be considered
People on safety
It is most difficult to address the—— component of the safety triad because of the —–involved
People
Options and emotions
Three factors contribute to a person’s ability to act safely
Training
Health
attitude
As it relates to safety what makes a training program effective?
First some specific qualities should be present
Second the training program must include the right subjects
The safety and well-being of firefighters increase with
Their health
—-Continues to lead in causes of firefighter duty deaths and is a significant contributor in injuries
Stress or overexertion
Injury and death statistics suggest that essential ——subjects be addressed
Training
Personnel protective equipment
Mastery
Accountability systems
Mastery
PACMAS(tery)
Company formation and team continuity
Mastery
Fire behavior and phenomena
Proficient
Incident command systems
Proficient
Apparatus driving
Proficient under stress
Fitness and rehabilitation
Practitioner
Of all of the people factors affecting safety—- is the hardest to address
Attitude
People tend to compound safety problems by—– after an accident
Placing blame
The departments ——is made up of the ideas skills and customs that are passed from one generation to another
Safety culture
The —–of the department may be reflected in it’s daily conversations or it’s actions
Culture
A firefighter duty death often shocks a departments members into an—
Attitude changed
Aka “significant emotional event”
The example or lack of it set by the—– and—— is very important
Line officers
veteran firefighters
Safe drivers are usually the one to follow a simple routine that begins with—-
Confirmation of the incident location
Incident safety officer see one of the most reassuring measured of instilled safety values when
Firefighting teams and company officers report hazards to them
—-Are slow and often emotional they require lots of buy in
Attitude changes
Chance of damage injury or loss
Risk
Process of minimizing the chance, degree, or probability of damage, loss, or injury
Risk management
Five step classic risk management
1 Identify hazards 2 evaluate hazards 3 prioritize hazards 4 control hazards 5 monitor hazards
This is the primary function of an incident safety officer
Hazard identification
Once a hazard has been identified it has to be
Assigned relative importance
2
Probability that an injurious event can happen
- low moderate high
- based on number of times that hazard is present or the number of times and injury results from the hazard
Frequency
Harmful consequence or cost associated with injury or damage from a given hazard
Severity
A recognized hazard should be placed in one of these boxes based on the potential severity and frequency of the hazard
Hazard evaluation matrix
A hazard that ranks as ——-is one we want to avoid or immediately correct at all costs
High frequency/high severity
A good example is the classic division of fire ground strategies: offense of been defenses
Hazard prioritization
A well involve fire that has captured the attic space in a lightweight wood construction is a —–situation
High frequency/high severity
Once the hazard has been prioritized efforts can be made to—
Minimize exposure or to correct the hazard
—-Include avoidance, hazard transfer, and hazard adaptation
Hazard control methods
—-Control method most often employed on an incident scene
Hazard adaptation
For firefighting operations hazard——— are not always possible
Avoidance and transfer
This helps the ISO juggle multiple hazards
Hazard priorities
All adaptation methods are designed to make the
Hazard less severe for the exposed firefighter
All adaptation methods are designed to make the hazard less severe for the exposed firefighter. this is called——
Mitigation
10 classic countermeasures
Adaptation/mitigation
1)prevent the creation of the hazard
she x3 Rides x3 Every Coon x2 Basically
If the——– is effective the department should see a decline in injuries, accidents, and close calls over time
Risk management approach
Changes in equipment, staffing, procedures and in general can create alter or ELIMINATE —
Hazards
Constant monitoring can catch the changes and lead to—
Proactive hazard control
At an incident the ISO is always—— even after hazard countermeasures are implemented. This is—-
MONITORING hazards
Cyclic thinking
The ability to revisit hazards and continually weigh operations and the environment to see if a hazard is truly being mitigated
Cyclic thinking
Just as a fire is dynamic so must ISOs be CYCLIC in their—-
Evaluation of RISK
Risk management is a system, not a
Solution
The five-step risk management model is a process for
Addressing hazards
The hallmark of a good ISO and any decision-maker for that matter is ability to continuously
Reassess risk versus benefit
To be affective the ISO must have a solid foundation in
General safety concepts and risk management
The most common approach to risk management is
The five-step classic risk management model
ISO who spend their time——- are much better prepared to perform the multitude of challenges that they must face
Frontloading
Effective ISOs must acquire a ——that helps them APPLY their acquired knowledge and skills
Certain attitude
Your EFFORTS TO ACUIRE knowledge skills and attitude
Frontloading
First that towards professional development as an ISO
Frontloading
The goal of ISO professional development is to—-
Achieve mastery
Ability of an individual to achieve 90% of an objective 90% of the time
Mastery
90/90 rule
Effectiveness plus efficiency equals mastery
effectiveness
efficiency
mastery
Doing the right things
doing things right
Doing the right things right
THE ACQUISITION OF knowledge skills and attitude to achieve MASTERY
Learning
Demonstration of acquired mastery
Performance
Knowing the depth of material and being able to bring the knowledge into application without supervision
Fire Officer 1 level
To become efficient and effective the ISO must—– then—–
Learn
perform
ISO knowledge
the key however is to make the transition from the
Book learning to the incident scene
Today —–is the basis for skills and attitude
Knowledge
Today rapidly changing technologies and environments require the fire service member to rely on——- to recognize the potential of an incident
Knowledge
The key is to recognize situations and ———facilitates recognition
Knowledge
Most firefighters associate the word skill with ———-such as throwing ladders performing an evolution or manipulating a forcible entry tool
Motor tasks
For the ISO skill refers to———- such as hazard reduction and problem-solving
Intellectual tasks
——-Objectives use adjectives like to determine predict and implement where as——— objectives use terms like list describe and identify
Skill
knowledge
S-determine/predict/implement
K-list/describe/identify
From the incident commander’s perspective the ISO is expected to apply—– and offer— on many incident factors
Skills
judgment
ISO ——–make up and organized mental and physical activity
Skills
ISO SKILLS make up an ORGANIZED mental and physical activity. sometimes it involves only mental activity but more often than not it includes mental and physical activities. the primary issue however is—-
Organization
———Involves knowledge, sustained effort, and practice
Skill development
—–Are learned and acquired gradually and at times incidentally
Attitudes
To be ultimately efficient and effective ISOs must use their acquired knowledge and skills to shape an——— that supports the reduction of injury and death potential of firefighters
Attitude
It would be counterproductive for ISOs to display such a discrepancy between what
They say and what they do
How can incident safety officers adopt and show a positive safety attitude?
To start they can acquire certain BELIEFS and VALUES about injuries and deaths
Beliefs
- standards and laws are written to prevent future injuries and death
- training and proficiency efforts are daily commitment and they never end
- safety and self-discipline go together
Ndmdkdndn
Three components of attitude
Knowledge emotion action
Tricky
Three factors contribute to a person’s ability to ask safely- training health attitude
Three components of attitude-knowledge emotion action
What a person knows or doesn’t know
Knowledge
Positive or negative feelings about the topic, what the person finds acceptable or unacceptable
Emotion
Expression of knowledge and emotion
Action
At a minimum ISOs must meet the professional qualifications as outlined in
NFPA 1021 for fire officer 1
Intellectual tasks-mostly analytical
Skill (for the ISO)
The acquisition of knowledge in the areas of building construction risk-benefit concepts fire behavior firefighter physiology hazardous energy and incident management systems help them
Recognize injury potential at incidents
Velocity -
Pressure
Product of incomplete combustion that includes an aggregate of solid aerosols and fire gases that are toxic flammable of also
Smoke
It is simpler times smoke was you as a byproduct of incomplete combustion specifically—– that were suspended in a thermal column
Particulates (solids)
The solids suspended in a thermal plume include
Carbon-soot and ash
dust and
airborne fibers
Smoke aerosols include a whole host of
Hydrocarbons-oils and tar
Moisture
Fire gases are numerous with— leading the list
CO
HCN
hydrogen sulfide
Acrolein
Benzene
SMOKE is extremely flammable and ultimately—
Dictates fire behavior in a building
—-Is extremely flammable and ultimately dictates fire behavior in the building
Smoke
Within a building the heat from flaming(. ) is absorbed and other materials that are not burning (contents walls ceiling)
Exothermic energy
Within a—— the heat from flaming (exothermic energy) is absorbed in other materials that are not burning
Within a —- the Off gassed smoke displaces air, leading to what is termed and under ventilated fire
Building
Box(room)
——-Do not allow the open flaming to complete a reaction with your air leading to increased volumes of CO as well as the aformentioned smoke products
Under ventilated fire
Now looking to complete what Was started
Two triggers may cause accumulated smoke to ignite
Right temperature in the right moisture
The flammable range of CO is 12 to 74% at it’s—-
Ignition temperature
Most plastics release—- while burning —-is a common product of the burning of fuel oils
Benzene
HCN is produced when high temperatures breakdown—
Nitrogen containing products
Smoke gases that are—– need just a proper air mix and a sudden spark or flame to complete their ignition
Below their ignition temperature
Smoke gases that are below their ignition temperature need just a —– and a —–to complete their ignition
Proper air mix
sudden spark or flame
The ignition of smoke that is pressurized a room or box likely result in—
Explosive surge
Watching—- can also warn the ISO that a hostile fire that is looming
Smoke flow
Many believe that any ——–is a hostile fire event. this velocity is right on.
Uncontrolled fire in a building
Flashover is an event triggered by—
Radiant heat reflected by the box
If——- a stage is set for Backdraft
Smoke cannot exit the box
Backdraft occurs when oxygen is introduced into an environment where—– and have been trapped in a box
Fire gases are above their ignition temperature
If sucking or puffing is witnessed near a box that is suspected of —
The event is beginning
Sucking of air is a—
Late sign of impending Backdraft
Smoke explosion occurs when a spark or flame is introduced into trapped smoke that is —–its ignition temperature but—– it’s flashpoint
Below
above
CO is —–around 300° but has a small flammable range in air
Ignitable (spark/flame)
Smoke flowing from hallways and stairways faster than a firefighter can move
Rapid fire spread
Fire spread changes from flame contact across continent surfaces to fire spread through smoke. this marks a significant change in—
Rapid fire spread
fire spread behavior
The ISO must study the warning signs of hostile fire event and watch for the signs as part of the—
Smoke reading process
Given the insulation provided by today structural PPE ensemble—— is a dangerously late warning sign
Sensation of heat
——–Are already ignitable when the firefighter feels heat
Low ignition temperature gases
The ISO must take a—- by watching the four smoke attributes and determining the location stage and spread potential of a fire in the building as well as the likelihood of a hostile fire event.
Proactive approach
—-By itself tells very little about a fire but it sets the stage for understanding the amount of fuel that are offgassing in a given space
Smoke volume
Comparing smoke volume velocity density and color can help you ISO understand—-
Fire behavior
A hot clean burning fire emits very little smoke yet a hot fast-moving fire in an under ventilated building shows a —
Tremulous VOLUME of smoke
The changes in today’s contents(low mass) can develop —–even though little flame is present
Large VOLUMES of smoke
–Can create an impression of fire
The VOLUME of smoke
Once a container is full of smoke pressure builds if–
Adequate ventilation is not available
Precursor to flashover
Turbulent smoke flow
A flashover is likely to occur
Turbulent smoke flow
——– occurs when smoke reaches sustaining temperatures that are above the FIRE POINT of prevalent gases
Rapidfire spread
This speed at which smoke leaves the building
Velocity
Indicator of pressure that has built up in the building
Velocity
Velocity
from a tactical standpoint the fire officer needs to know what–
Caused the smoke pressure
Only two things can cause smoke to pressurize in a building
Heat or smoke VOLUME
Tricky
Two triggers may cause accumulated smoke to ignite: the right temperature and the right mixture
Velocity
only two things can cause smoke to pressurize in a building heat or smoke volume
Smoke caused by —-immediately slows down and becomes balanced with outside airflow
Restricted volume
In addition to the speed of smoke the iso needs to look at—–
It’s flow characteristic
—–Is caused by the rapid molecular expansion of the gases in the smoke and the restriction of this expansion by the box
Turbulent smoke flow
Tricky
Flashover in an event triggered by radiant heat reflected by the box
Turbulent smoke is caused by the rapid molecular expansion of the gases in the smoke and the restriction of this expansion by the box compartment. the expansion is caused by radiant heat feedback from the box itself. the box cannot absorb anymore heat
If —-the heat of smoke is subsequently absorbed leaving a more stable and smooth flow characteristic that is referred to as laminar smoke
The box is still absorbing heat
Important smoke observation is–
Whether it’s flow is turbulent or laminar
Turbulent smoke is ready to ignite and indicates a flashover environment that may be delayed by–
Improper air mix
In essence the—– the more spectacular the flashover or fire spread will be
THICKER the smoke
In essence the thicker the smoke the more spectacular the–
Flashover or fire spread will be
Comparing the VELOCITY of smoke aT different openings of the building can help the fire officer determine—
The location of the fire
The smoke VELOCITY you see outside the building is ultimately determined by the—
Size and restrictiveness of the exhaust opening
To find the location of fire by —-you must compare only like resistive openings
Comparing velocities
While velocity can tell you much about a fire(——-)——– tells you how bad things are going to be
How hot it is and where
density
Since smoke is——containing airborne solids aerosols and gases that are capable of burning-the——–of the smoke tells you how much fuel is laden the smoke
Fuel
Density
—-, Black smoke in a compartment reduces the chances of —-due to——
Thick
life sustainability
smoke toxicology
A few breaths of thick black smoke renders a victim—
Unconscious and causes death in minutes
The firefighter crawling through—- is actually crawling through—-
Zero visibility smoke
Ignitable fuel
———Can happen at lower temperatures than fires of even 10 years ago
Smoke cloud ignition
We can think plastics and low mass materials for making smoke—
More explosive than ever
For the ISO —–tells the stage of heating and points the location of the fire in the building
Smoke COLOR
For the ISO smoke color tells
The stage of heating
and
points to the location of the fire in a building
——Indicates that the fire is transitioning from a contents fire to a structural fire
Brown smoke from structural spaces
——from structural Spaces containing glued trusses, OSB, or LVL can indicate that—-
Brown smoke
Critical strength has already been lost
The smoke leaving a building is a—
Mix of colors
In typical ——it is rare that a single fuel source is emitting smoke
Residential and commercial fires
——–is a result of moisture mixing with carbons and hydrocarbons(black smoke)
Gray smoke
The more you ——-you see the hotter the smoke is
Black the smoke
The more black the smoke you see—
The hotter the fire is
Black smoke that is high velocity and very thin(—–) is—
Low-density
flame pushed
Interrupted thin Black smoke means that
Open and ventilated flaming is nearby
——Can tell you the distance to a fire
Smoke color
As most leaves an ignited fuel it heats up other materials and the——from those objects can cause Black smoke to—
Moisture
turn gray or even white over distance
Unfinished wood gives off a distinctive brown smoke as it approaches————just prior to—-
Late stage heating
flaming
The issuance of ——from Gable end vents eaves and floor seems is a warning sign of—
Brown smoke
impending collapse
——From structural Spaces containing GLUED TRUSSES OSB or LVL can indicate that—-
Brown smoke
critical strength has already been lost
Tricky
The issuance of brown smoke from gable end events eaves and floor seems is a warning sign of impending collapse
Brown smoke from structural Spaces containing glued trusses OSB or LVL can indicate that critical strength is already been lost
Knowing the———-helps the ISO paint a picture of five
Meaning of smoke attributes
Compare ——-from various openings to locate the fire
Smoke velocity and color
———Is closer to the fire seat
———–is farther away
Faster and or darker smoke
slower and/or lighter
Typically you see distinct differences in—– from various openings
Velocity and colors
When the smoke appears———– you should start thinking that the fire is in a concealed space or deep-seated
Uniform it is the same COLOR AND VELOCITY from multiple openings
Brown smoke from structural spaces indicates that —–is being heated
Unfinished wood
Upon seeing smoke that is the same COLOR AND VELOCITY being pushed from multiple building seems the ISO should—
Inform the IC that the fire may have extended to concealed spaces
Black fire is a SURE SIGN of—-
Impending autoignition and flashover
Black fire the smoke itself is doing all the destruction that flames would cause:
Charring heat damage to steal content destruction and victim death
Black fire can reach temperatures of
Over 1000 degrees
The ISO should—– black fire conditions and no firefighter should be—
Report
in or near compartments emitting black fire
The solution for black fire is the
Same as for flames event and cool
When outside air temperatures are—– hot smoke leaving the building turns white almost instantly
Below freezing
Firefighters engaged in an interior fire attack———- are in danger of being OVERRUN by the fire
Downwind of a wind fed fire
Can change the appearance of smoke
Weather
Thermal balance
Container size
Firefighting efforts
One smoke leaves a building the——CAN INFLUENCE its appearance
Outside weather
—–CHANGE THE LOOK of smoke
Temperature
humidity
wind
Virtually every element of smoke is—– yet it rises due to heat
Heavier than air
Cold air temperatures cool smoke faster and cause it to
Stall and or fall
