Iso Flashcards
No matter what the source the key component is that formal processes and evolutions–
Are in writing
Operational environment
Operational triad
Procedures equipment personnel
Strict process with little or no flexibility
Procedure
Both formal and informal processes can increase the
Overall safety of the department
The first step in the development of a formal SOP or SOG is establishing an administrative process to
Create edit alter or delete established processes
Once topic areas have been defined the writing of–
SOPs Can begin
Atmosphere that would cause immediate health risk to a person who do not have PPE and/or SCBA
IDLH atmosphere
What makes a good SOP
Firefighters follow it
Good SOPs start with good writing. good writing starts with a—
Clear outlined and the use of simple language
Above all a well applied SOP—
Improves departmental safety
The ISOs role in procedures deals with—– something like a—-
Application and review
quality control officers function
The ISO who witnesses a failure to follow SOP’s during an incident should–
Make a notation and bring up the infraction during post incident analysis or the next scheduled safety committee meeting
The practical application of SOPs puts the ISO in the
Best place to suggest changes to SOP’s or even help create new ones
—–Helps but is arguably the least important factor in the operational tree of procedure equipment and personnel
Equipment
By looking at a fire department scope of offered services we can quickly determine whether it lacks the —–necessary for safe operations
Equipment
CO detectors are designed to activate with that little as
20 PPM
- Types of incidents
- equipment necessary to safely handled the incidents
with the two lists in hand officers must discuss the equipment possibilities and place a— mark next to the items that are essential to safe operations and a— next to the nice to have items
Check
circle
Known as CFR’s these codes often outline the equipment required for a given process to be accomplished
OSHA regulations
The vast majority of fire service equipment is tailored to meet or exceed—
NFPA standards
These consensus standards are designed to offer a minimum applicable standard for equipment design application and maintenance
NFPA standards
–Many equipment manufacturers use these agencies the show that their equipment needs or exceeds design and performance requirements
NIOSH ANSI UL
Equipment utilized for incident operations is no better than the–
Care and maintenance receives
Because many firefighters may use and maintain a piece of equipment the complete documentation of—-is essential
Repairs and maintenance
A quick look at firefighter injury and death statistics show what
Equipment can make a difference
Physical fitness equipment is actually–
Firefighter safety equipment
High-tech tools allow firefighters to–
Work more safely and monitor their health
—-Continues to evolve with added safety features
Fire apparatus
The insulative quality of structural gear is given a relative value known as—
Thermal protective performance TPP
A value rating given to the insulative quality of structural personal protective clothing and equipment
Thermal protective performance TPP
Durability when exposed to flash fire event
A successful safety program usually works in tandem with a
Successful training program
The effective ISO understands the relationship of
Equipment to safety
In some cases equipment designed to improve safety can actually lead to
Greater risk-taking
When discussing the effect of—— many options philosophies and emotions have to be considered
People on safety
It is most difficult to address the—— component of the safety triad because of the —–involved
People
Options and emotions
Three factors contribute to a person’s ability to act safely
Training
Health
attitude
As it relates to safety what makes a training program effective?
First some specific qualities should be present
Second the training program must include the right subjects
The safety and well-being of firefighters increase with
Their health
—-Continues to lead in causes of firefighter duty deaths and is a significant contributor in injuries
Stress or overexertion
Injury and death statistics suggest that essential ——subjects be addressed
Training
Personnel protective equipment
Mastery
Accountability systems
Mastery
PACMAS(tery)
Company formation and team continuity
Mastery
Fire behavior and phenomena
Proficient
Incident command systems
Proficient
Apparatus driving
Proficient under stress
Fitness and rehabilitation
Practitioner
Of all of the people factors affecting safety—- is the hardest to address
Attitude
People tend to compound safety problems by—– after an accident
Placing blame
The departments ——is made up of the ideas skills and customs that are passed from one generation to another
Safety culture
The —–of the department may be reflected in it’s daily conversations or it’s actions
Culture
A firefighter duty death often shocks a departments members into an—
Attitude changed
Aka “significant emotional event”
The example or lack of it set by the—– and—— is very important
Line officers
veteran firefighters
Safe drivers are usually the one to follow a simple routine that begins with—-
Confirmation of the incident location
Incident safety officer see one of the most reassuring measured of instilled safety values when
Firefighting teams and company officers report hazards to them
—-Are slow and often emotional they require lots of buy in
Attitude changes
Chance of damage injury or loss
Risk
Process of minimizing the chance, degree, or probability of damage, loss, or injury
Risk management
Five step classic risk management
1 Identify hazards 2 evaluate hazards 3 prioritize hazards 4 control hazards 5 monitor hazards
This is the primary function of an incident safety officer
Hazard identification
Once a hazard has been identified it has to be
Assigned relative importance
2
Probability that an injurious event can happen
- low moderate high
- based on number of times that hazard is present or the number of times and injury results from the hazard
Frequency
Harmful consequence or cost associated with injury or damage from a given hazard
Severity
A recognized hazard should be placed in one of these boxes based on the potential severity and frequency of the hazard
Hazard evaluation matrix
A hazard that ranks as ——-is one we want to avoid or immediately correct at all costs
High frequency/high severity
A good example is the classic division of fire ground strategies: offense of been defenses
Hazard prioritization
A well involve fire that has captured the attic space in a lightweight wood construction is a —–situation
High frequency/high severity
Once the hazard has been prioritized efforts can be made to—
Minimize exposure or to correct the hazard
—-Include avoidance, hazard transfer, and hazard adaptation
Hazard control methods
—-Control method most often employed on an incident scene
Hazard adaptation
For firefighting operations hazard——— are not always possible
Avoidance and transfer
This helps the ISO juggle multiple hazards
Hazard priorities
All adaptation methods are designed to make the
Hazard less severe for the exposed firefighter
All adaptation methods are designed to make the hazard less severe for the exposed firefighter. this is called——
Mitigation
10 classic countermeasures
Adaptation/mitigation
1)prevent the creation of the hazard
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If the——– is effective the department should see a decline in injuries, accidents, and close calls over time
Risk management approach
Changes in equipment, staffing, procedures and in general can create alter or ELIMINATE —
Hazards
Constant monitoring can catch the changes and lead to—
Proactive hazard control
At an incident the ISO is always—— even after hazard countermeasures are implemented. This is—-
MONITORING hazards
Cyclic thinking
The ability to revisit hazards and continually weigh operations and the environment to see if a hazard is truly being mitigated
Cyclic thinking
Just as a fire is dynamic so must ISOs be CYCLIC in their—-
Evaluation of RISK
Risk management is a system, not a
Solution
The five-step risk management model is a process for
Addressing hazards
The hallmark of a good ISO and any decision-maker for that matter is ability to continuously
Reassess risk versus benefit
To be affective the ISO must have a solid foundation in
General safety concepts and risk management
The most common approach to risk management is
The five-step classic risk management model
ISO who spend their time——- are much better prepared to perform the multitude of challenges that they must face
Frontloading
Effective ISOs must acquire a ——that helps them APPLY their acquired knowledge and skills
Certain attitude
Your EFFORTS TO ACUIRE knowledge skills and attitude
Frontloading
First that towards professional development as an ISO
Frontloading
The goal of ISO professional development is to—-
Achieve mastery
Ability of an individual to achieve 90% of an objective 90% of the time
Mastery
90/90 rule
Effectiveness plus efficiency equals mastery
effectiveness
efficiency
mastery
Doing the right things
doing things right
Doing the right things right
THE ACQUISITION OF knowledge skills and attitude to achieve MASTERY
Learning
Demonstration of acquired mastery
Performance
Knowing the depth of material and being able to bring the knowledge into application without supervision
Fire Officer 1 level
To become efficient and effective the ISO must—– then—–
Learn
perform
ISO knowledge
the key however is to make the transition from the
Book learning to the incident scene
Today —–is the basis for skills and attitude
Knowledge
Today rapidly changing technologies and environments require the fire service member to rely on——- to recognize the potential of an incident
Knowledge
The key is to recognize situations and ———facilitates recognition
Knowledge
Most firefighters associate the word skill with ———-such as throwing ladders performing an evolution or manipulating a forcible entry tool
Motor tasks
For the ISO skill refers to———- such as hazard reduction and problem-solving
Intellectual tasks
——-Objectives use adjectives like to determine predict and implement where as——— objectives use terms like list describe and identify
Skill
knowledge
S-determine/predict/implement
K-list/describe/identify
From the incident commander’s perspective the ISO is expected to apply—– and offer— on many incident factors
Skills
judgment
ISO ——–make up and organized mental and physical activity
Skills
ISO SKILLS make up an ORGANIZED mental and physical activity. sometimes it involves only mental activity but more often than not it includes mental and physical activities. the primary issue however is—-
Organization
———Involves knowledge, sustained effort, and practice
Skill development
—–Are learned and acquired gradually and at times incidentally
Attitudes
To be ultimately efficient and effective ISOs must use their acquired knowledge and skills to shape an——— that supports the reduction of injury and death potential of firefighters
Attitude
It would be counterproductive for ISOs to display such a discrepancy between what
They say and what they do
How can incident safety officers adopt and show a positive safety attitude?
To start they can acquire certain BELIEFS and VALUES about injuries and deaths
Beliefs
- standards and laws are written to prevent future injuries and death
- training and proficiency efforts are daily commitment and they never end
- safety and self-discipline go together
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Three components of attitude
Knowledge emotion action
Tricky
Three factors contribute to a person’s ability to ask safely- training health attitude
Three components of attitude-knowledge emotion action
What a person knows or doesn’t know
Knowledge
Positive or negative feelings about the topic, what the person finds acceptable or unacceptable
Emotion
Expression of knowledge and emotion
Action
At a minimum ISOs must meet the professional qualifications as outlined in
NFPA 1021 for fire officer 1
Intellectual tasks-mostly analytical
Skill (for the ISO)
The acquisition of knowledge in the areas of building construction risk-benefit concepts fire behavior firefighter physiology hazardous energy and incident management systems help them
Recognize injury potential at incidents
Velocity -
Pressure
Product of incomplete combustion that includes an aggregate of solid aerosols and fire gases that are toxic flammable of also
Smoke
It is simpler times smoke was you as a byproduct of incomplete combustion specifically—– that were suspended in a thermal column
Particulates (solids)
The solids suspended in a thermal plume include
Carbon-soot and ash
dust and
airborne fibers
Smoke aerosols include a whole host of
Hydrocarbons-oils and tar
Moisture
Fire gases are numerous with— leading the list
CO
HCN
hydrogen sulfide
Acrolein
Benzene
SMOKE is extremely flammable and ultimately—
Dictates fire behavior in a building
—-Is extremely flammable and ultimately dictates fire behavior in the building
Smoke
Within a building the heat from flaming(. ) is absorbed and other materials that are not burning (contents walls ceiling)
Exothermic energy
Within a—— the heat from flaming (exothermic energy) is absorbed in other materials that are not burning
Within a —- the Off gassed smoke displaces air, leading to what is termed and under ventilated fire
Building
Box(room)
——-Do not allow the open flaming to complete a reaction with your air leading to increased volumes of CO as well as the aformentioned smoke products
Under ventilated fire
Now looking to complete what Was started
Two triggers may cause accumulated smoke to ignite
Right temperature in the right moisture
The flammable range of CO is 12 to 74% at it’s—-
Ignition temperature
Most plastics release—- while burning —-is a common product of the burning of fuel oils
Benzene
HCN is produced when high temperatures breakdown—
Nitrogen containing products
Smoke gases that are—– need just a proper air mix and a sudden spark or flame to complete their ignition
Below their ignition temperature
Smoke gases that are below their ignition temperature need just a —– and a —–to complete their ignition
Proper air mix
sudden spark or flame
The ignition of smoke that is pressurized a room or box likely result in—
Explosive surge
Watching—- can also warn the ISO that a hostile fire that is looming
Smoke flow
Many believe that any ——–is a hostile fire event. this velocity is right on.
Uncontrolled fire in a building
Flashover is an event triggered by—
Radiant heat reflected by the box
If——- a stage is set for Backdraft
Smoke cannot exit the box
Backdraft occurs when oxygen is introduced into an environment where—– and have been trapped in a box
Fire gases are above their ignition temperature
If sucking or puffing is witnessed near a box that is suspected of —
The event is beginning
Sucking of air is a—
Late sign of impending Backdraft
Smoke explosion occurs when a spark or flame is introduced into trapped smoke that is —–its ignition temperature but—– it’s flashpoint
Below
above
CO is —–around 300° but has a small flammable range in air
Ignitable (spark/flame)
Smoke flowing from hallways and stairways faster than a firefighter can move
Rapid fire spread
Fire spread changes from flame contact across continent surfaces to fire spread through smoke. this marks a significant change in—
Rapid fire spread
fire spread behavior
The ISO must study the warning signs of hostile fire event and watch for the signs as part of the—
Smoke reading process
Given the insulation provided by today structural PPE ensemble—— is a dangerously late warning sign
Sensation of heat
——–Are already ignitable when the firefighter feels heat
Low ignition temperature gases
The ISO must take a—- by watching the four smoke attributes and determining the location stage and spread potential of a fire in the building as well as the likelihood of a hostile fire event.
Proactive approach
—-By itself tells very little about a fire but it sets the stage for understanding the amount of fuel that are offgassing in a given space
Smoke volume
Comparing smoke volume velocity density and color can help you ISO understand—-
Fire behavior
A hot clean burning fire emits very little smoke yet a hot fast-moving fire in an under ventilated building shows a —
Tremulous VOLUME of smoke
The changes in today’s contents(low mass) can develop —–even though little flame is present
Large VOLUMES of smoke
–Can create an impression of fire
The VOLUME of smoke
Once a container is full of smoke pressure builds if–
Adequate ventilation is not available
Precursor to flashover
Turbulent smoke flow
A flashover is likely to occur
Turbulent smoke flow
——– occurs when smoke reaches sustaining temperatures that are above the FIRE POINT of prevalent gases
Rapidfire spread
This speed at which smoke leaves the building
Velocity
Indicator of pressure that has built up in the building
Velocity
Velocity
from a tactical standpoint the fire officer needs to know what–
Caused the smoke pressure
Only two things can cause smoke to pressurize in a building
Heat or smoke VOLUME
Tricky
Two triggers may cause accumulated smoke to ignite: the right temperature and the right mixture
Velocity
only two things can cause smoke to pressurize in a building heat or smoke volume
Smoke caused by —-immediately slows down and becomes balanced with outside airflow
Restricted volume
In addition to the speed of smoke the iso needs to look at—–
It’s flow characteristic
—–Is caused by the rapid molecular expansion of the gases in the smoke and the restriction of this expansion by the box
Turbulent smoke flow
Tricky
Flashover in an event triggered by radiant heat reflected by the box
Turbulent smoke is caused by the rapid molecular expansion of the gases in the smoke and the restriction of this expansion by the box compartment. the expansion is caused by radiant heat feedback from the box itself. the box cannot absorb anymore heat
If —-the heat of smoke is subsequently absorbed leaving a more stable and smooth flow characteristic that is referred to as laminar smoke
The box is still absorbing heat
Important smoke observation is–
Whether it’s flow is turbulent or laminar
Turbulent smoke is ready to ignite and indicates a flashover environment that may be delayed by–
Improper air mix
In essence the—– the more spectacular the flashover or fire spread will be
THICKER the smoke
In essence the thicker the smoke the more spectacular the–
Flashover or fire spread will be
Comparing the VELOCITY of smoke aT different openings of the building can help the fire officer determine—
The location of the fire
The smoke VELOCITY you see outside the building is ultimately determined by the—
Size and restrictiveness of the exhaust opening
To find the location of fire by —-you must compare only like resistive openings
Comparing velocities
While velocity can tell you much about a fire(——-)——– tells you how bad things are going to be
How hot it is and where
density
Since smoke is——containing airborne solids aerosols and gases that are capable of burning-the——–of the smoke tells you how much fuel is laden the smoke
Fuel
Density
—-, Black smoke in a compartment reduces the chances of —-due to——
Thick
life sustainability
smoke toxicology
A few breaths of thick black smoke renders a victim—
Unconscious and causes death in minutes
The firefighter crawling through—- is actually crawling through—-
Zero visibility smoke
Ignitable fuel
———Can happen at lower temperatures than fires of even 10 years ago
Smoke cloud ignition
We can think plastics and low mass materials for making smoke—
More explosive than ever
For the ISO —–tells the stage of heating and points the location of the fire in the building
Smoke COLOR
For the ISO smoke color tells
The stage of heating
and
points to the location of the fire in a building
——Indicates that the fire is transitioning from a contents fire to a structural fire
Brown smoke from structural spaces
——from structural Spaces containing glued trusses, OSB, or LVL can indicate that—-
Brown smoke
Critical strength has already been lost
The smoke leaving a building is a—
Mix of colors
In typical ——it is rare that a single fuel source is emitting smoke
Residential and commercial fires
——–is a result of moisture mixing with carbons and hydrocarbons(black smoke)
Gray smoke
The more you ——-you see the hotter the smoke is
Black the smoke
The more black the smoke you see—
The hotter the fire is
Black smoke that is high velocity and very thin(—–) is—
Low-density
flame pushed
Interrupted thin Black smoke means that
Open and ventilated flaming is nearby
——Can tell you the distance to a fire
Smoke color
As most leaves an ignited fuel it heats up other materials and the——from those objects can cause Black smoke to—
Moisture
turn gray or even white over distance
Unfinished wood gives off a distinctive brown smoke as it approaches————just prior to—-
Late stage heating
flaming
The issuance of ——from Gable end vents eaves and floor seems is a warning sign of—
Brown smoke
impending collapse
——From structural Spaces containing GLUED TRUSSES OSB or LVL can indicate that—-
Brown smoke
critical strength has already been lost
Tricky
The issuance of brown smoke from gable end events eaves and floor seems is a warning sign of impending collapse
Brown smoke from structural Spaces containing glued trusses OSB or LVL can indicate that critical strength is already been lost
Knowing the———-helps the ISO paint a picture of five
Meaning of smoke attributes
Compare ——-from various openings to locate the fire
Smoke velocity and color
———Is closer to the fire seat
———–is farther away
Faster and or darker smoke
slower and/or lighter
Typically you see distinct differences in—– from various openings
Velocity and colors
When the smoke appears———– you should start thinking that the fire is in a concealed space or deep-seated
Uniform it is the same COLOR AND VELOCITY from multiple openings
Brown smoke from structural spaces indicates that —–is being heated
Unfinished wood
Upon seeing smoke that is the same COLOR AND VELOCITY being pushed from multiple building seems the ISO should—
Inform the IC that the fire may have extended to concealed spaces
Black fire is a SURE SIGN of—-
Impending autoignition and flashover
Black fire the smoke itself is doing all the destruction that flames would cause:
Charring heat damage to steal content destruction and victim death
Black fire can reach temperatures of
Over 1000 degrees
The ISO should—– black fire conditions and no firefighter should be—
Report
in or near compartments emitting black fire
The solution for black fire is the
Same as for flames event and cool
When outside air temperatures are—– hot smoke leaving the building turns white almost instantly
Below freezing
Firefighters engaged in an interior fire attack———- are in danger of being OVERRUN by the fire
Downwind of a wind fed fire
Can change the appearance of smoke
Weather
Thermal balance
Container size
Firefighting efforts
One smoke leaves a building the——CAN INFLUENCE its appearance
Outside weather
—–CHANGE THE LOOK of smoke
Temperature
humidity
wind
Virtually every element of smoke is—– yet it rises due to heat
Heavier than air
Cold air temperatures cool smoke faster and cause it to
Stall and or fall
Humidity in the air increases—- by—–
Resistance to smoke movement
Raising air DENSITY
—– can rapidly thin and dissipate smoke making it difficult to fully view it’s—–
Wind
Velocity and density
In a well ventilated building WIND can—— and give a false read on ——although it should fan flaming
Speed up smoke velocity
heat or location
If the building is sprinklered then the presence of—– can indicate that the fire is not being—
Low-lying smoke
controlled by the system
Most buildings do not allow fires to
Maintain thermal balance
Notion that heated smoke rises and in doing so creates a draft of cool air into the flame (heat) source
Thermal balance
–disrupt thermal balance
Ceilings
windows
doors and
adequate airflow
A fire —-show signs of air being sucked THROUGH the smoke
Out of thermal balance
——Signs indicate that a fire is out of thermal balance
Sucking puffing breathing
From the ISOs perspective signs of ———indicate that the fire is intense yet struggling for proper airflow. A sudden inflow of air can cause the fire to take off trapping firefighters
Air being sucked INTO A BUILDING
——-smoke showing from—- of a—— is a significant observation
Light thin
more than one opening
very large building
All four attributes of smoke should change in a positive continuous manner if–
Fire stream and ventilation efforts are appropriate
All smoke observations must be ANALYZED in proportion to–
The building
Historically firefighters have been killed at fires that were reported as
Light smoke showing
———Is an important indicator of the significance of the smoke leaving
The size of the building
THE ISO is usually in the best position to tell whether—–
Firefighting efforts are being successful
By watching the smoke outside a building the ISO can determine—
The effectiveness of the firefight
Firefighting efforts
Smoke—– should rise as steam displaces smoke
VOLUME
Contents that were flaming should start —-as they are cold adding more smoke to the mix
“Smoking white”
Smoke —–initially surges as steam expands but should gradually slow as he is reduced in the building
Velocity
The smoke color should eventually turn to
PURE white
If all four attributes are not changing quickly the ISO should—
Judge the firefighting efforts as insufficient and share the observations with the ic
Forced ventilation tactics should cause an—
Increase in smoke velocity
PPV contraindicatedd
Smoke is turbulent
location of the fire seat is unknown
fire is suspected to be in a vented combustible void space
If smoke becomes —-when PPV is being use the situation is getting worse
Thicker and darker
Reading smoke three-step process
1- view VVDC and compare differences from each opening
2- contributing factors
3-rate of change
If the rate of —-can be measured in—- it is likely that firefighters will be trapped or injured by—-
Attribute deterioration
seconds
FIRE SPREAD
Warning sign of impending flashover
warning sign of impending Backdraft
Turbulent smoke flow
yellowish gray smoke from cracks or seams
Smoke moving faster than firefighters can crawl
warnings sign that RAPID FIRE SPREAD is IMMINENT
NFPA—– states that the ISO should monitor conditions to determine if they fall within the departments—–
1521
Risk management criteria
Firefighting isn’t —-it’s merely—-. this perspective came from Chief Dave Daniels of the Renton fire department Washington in addressing participants at a recent incident safety officer Academy. This point is eloquent and should be adopted as an—- by the ISO
Dangerous
risky
Attitude
We make choices about the dangers we face that is–
Risk Taking
Instead of being —-aggressive we should be— aggressive
Arbitrarily
intellectually
Determining the ———Is perhaps the most difficult decision that the ISO has to make AT THE INCIDENT SCENE
Appropriateness of risk-taking
Courage and bravery must be tempered with a heavy dose of ——so that a situation does not unnecessarily harm the firefighter. The keyword is—
Prudent judgment
unnecessarily
——have increased the communities expectation of firefighter
Advances in media communications
The fire service has become the agency of——-for events that affect the public. this puts —–pressure on responders
First and last resort
risk taking pressure
NFPA standards specifically address——- related to the handling of emergency operations. the concepts are repeated in NFPA 1500 1561 and 1521
Risk management concepts
Activities that present a ——to the safety of members shall be limited to activities in which there is a potential to save endangered lives
SIGNIFICANT risk
Activities routinely employed to protect property shall be recognized as——- to the safety of members and actions shall be taken to reduce or avoid those risks
Inherent risks
No risk to the safety of a member shall be acceptable when there is
No possibility to save lives or property
In situations where the risk to fire department members is EXCESSIVE activity shall be limited to—
Defensive operations
Physical property who’s lost will cause harm to the community
Valued property
At some point the IC OR ISO must determine HOW MANY firefighters should be at risk to—
Save a life
When determining on a “practiced, predictable manner” to say valued property the ISO should first—-
Determine what valued property is
When determining an acceptable or unacceptable risk, ISOs must consider what is COMMONPLACE AND ACCEPTED by their department in terms of–
Acceptable risks
The ISO must evaluate an operation and decide whether the situation fits the organizations—
normal way of handling the incident
Regarding SKILLS the ISO should recognize when crews are attempting to perform a SKILL for which they have—
Never prepared
The FOUNDATION FOR RISK TAKING is established by–
Defined values
Ability to accurately read potential risk and recognize factors that influence incident outcome
(Applied to the ISO) situational awareness
Keenly dialed into the incident
Situational awareness
The ISO needs a method to rapidly get what is—– at an incident and the—- at play
Happening
Risk
Instead of using a size up model consider using a situational awareness approach that helps you–
Read risk
Measurement of accuracy
Situational awareness
To improve your ability to achieve —–you must be keenly aware of the factors that reduce your ability and strive to keep your mind open
Situational awareness
Value time size method
Stuart roses risk versus benefit evaluation
1-value
2-time
3-size (water)
Knowledge sound judgment experience and wisdom are paramount in
Risk decisions
Will Spicer takes risks and has knowledge and experience
Experience ISOs typically develop their own process for —–at incidents
Reading risk
ISO’s read risk approach
1-collect information
read building smoke firefighter effectiveness
2-analyze principal hazard-hurt ff time power curved what is to be gained
3-judge risks
Risk taking values by department
continually reduce risk
ISOs read risk approach these questions force the ISO to think ahead and predict hazard potentials. this is ——the hallmark of an effective ISO
Proactive thinking
Regardless of the method you use to read risk follow through and make a judgment regarding—
Risk-taking
If you are uncomfortable with the risk being taken but cannot quite justify or articulate your concern then that in itself is a reason to
Visit with the incident Commander
Judging acceptable and unacceptable risk starts with an understanding of the ———–in play which are defined by community expectations fire service standards and fire department values and skills
Risk taking values
Although many SIZE UP techniques exist the ISO should utilize a method that is focused on risk-taking. three methods can achieve this
Brunacini approach
value time size thinking
ISOs read risk approach
Brunacini situational evaluation factors: each of the factors is gauged —with—- being the highest risk
1-5
5
Green-yellow-red scale
1) overall risk level
2) building size/are
3) fire stage
Stored potential energy that causes harm if suddenly released
Hazardous energy
To be an efficient and effective ISO you must frontload your understanding of hazardous energy forms so that you can better predict it’s —-and intervene appropriately to —- fellow responders
Release
protect
The efficient ISO categories the status of hazardous energy forms in one of the following at incidents
Stable…
The integrity of electrical systems is based upon there being properly
Grounded
insulated
circuit protected
GIC
Stationary charge looking for a ground
Static
Causes the flow of electricity
The force that….
Volt
Unit of measure for electrical force or potential
Volt
The ISO should be comfortable with —and be able to communicate hazards accurately
Electrical terms
ISOs must be able to recognize the components of a typical–
Municipal electrical grid
A downed power line maybe energizing the earth in a —-depending on the—
Concentric ring of up to 30 ft
Voltage of the source
Electrical energy that has established a path to ground to the earth and is energizing it
Ground gradient
Downed power line
Electricity is always trying to seek the path of least resistance to ground. incidents involving —-such as pad transformers and downed wires are especially dangerous
Electrical equipment
At all incidents the ISO should evaluate the —— of electrical systems
Proximity and integrity
When a component of the total system is deemed to have lost — the ISO must assume that an electrical danger exists and can communicate that assumption to responders
Integrity
In all cases the —–must VERIFY that power company technicians have been dispatched
Fire department
Specialized electrical current sensing equipment
as with any specialized tool, —-and understanding of the equipments—– are sensual
Hot stick
Voltage alerting pens
Training
Limitations
Typical overhead power pole arrangement
primary voltage lines-
secondary voltage lines-
Over 4800
120-600 volts
Incident operations involving electrical equipment are numerous and—— should not be attempted without consultation with the—
Specialized tactics
electrical power Authority
The ISO and responders must exercise particular attention:
Battery rooms
substation fires
Minimum distance requirements when working around electrical equipment
0-50,000-10 ft
50,000-200,000-15 ft
200,000-500,000-20 ft
500,000-700,000-32 ft
The increased reliance on computers and data transmission systems has led to an increase in the present and capacity of
UPS
Emergency workers working in or around UPS rooms need to exercise extreme caution because of the presence of–
DC power
Battery rooms
Pooled water battery acid and battery rack hardware can become DC energized because there is typically–
No ground fault protection with DC power
Substation fires
electrical transmission and distribution substations use large transformers to–
(Can hold several thousand gallons of oil)
Step down power
Substation fires
in most cases the POWER COMPANY makes the decision to have the —–COOLED and the fire extinguished
Steel/aluminum infrastructure
Substation fires
high tension wires
law of motion
reel coil
make sure responders stay clear of–
Whip pathways
The ISO who knows— can more effectively assess risks associated with utilities
Gas properties
The most important utility to control is
Gas
The integrity of a——-Relies on a tight supply vessel (a tank or piping) a shut off valve, pressure regulation device, and a distribution system with PROTECTION at EACH APPLIANCE, shut off valve and surge protection.
Gas system
Once— is released from the system fires may be accelerated or toxins can be released or Inhaled
Gas
Knowing the —–can help the ISO determine the risk associated with the gas present
Properties of common gases
——Can cause initial and secondary collapses in structures
Uncontrolled waterflow
Water that collects in basements or other building areas may extinguish gas-fired equipment pilot lights with the result that wrong gas is being–
Bubbled into the water
The use of Swiftwater rescue techniques and solid risk-management concepts need to be employed when working around–
Storm sewer systems during flash floods
Simple —–wires for polls signage and antenna are typically tensioned and Can release and recoil with amazing force
Guide or guy
—–Like antenna are nothing more than vertical cantilevered beams and are weakened quickly when exposed to the heat of a fire
Freestanding truss structures
PRESSURIZED SYSTEMS use either— as a medium to achieve power or force
Hydraulics (liquids)
pneumatics (air/gases)
—-May not be able to relieve pressure as fast as the pressure is being developed leading to an explosive failure of a component
Built in pressure release devices
——-Of various products (mainly liquids and some gases) may become—— when heated by FIRE OR HOT SMOKE
Closed containers
pressure vessels
As a rule the STRONGER the container is the more initial—- it has and the ——- it becomes when it fails
Initial resistance to pressure
more explosive
Hazardous energy in vehicles
Some friends enjoy popping some drugs right
A victim trapped in a vehicle with an———is in danger, consider this an immediate rescue environment
UNDEPLOYED air restraint device
Identifying a vehicle with an —–or hybrid power system can be challenging
“Alternative”
Bright orange conduit or cable
High-voltage power
up to 700 volts and 125 amps
used in drivetrain
Typically have large battery packs to help store indeed energy
High-voltage systems
Bright blue conduits or cable
Medium voltage drivetrains
less than high-voltage
more than 12 or 24 V systems
Polar solvents that can render class B foam and ineffective
Ethanol fuels
Like E-85
Use AR foam
Effective ISO study weather and understand the particulars of weather PATTERNS found in
Their geographical regions
Dynamic complex and often misunderstood force that firefighters must contend with
Weather
Often the effects of—-cause the reporting party to call for firefighting service
Adverse weather
Once on scene the ISO should consider —-as a form of hazardous energy and weight the effects of ——with the behavior of the incident and of the incident responders
Weather
weather extremes
Weather considerations essential to effective ISO performance
Wind
humidity
temperature
potential for change
Of all the weather considerations affecting firefighting operations—- is by far the most important
Wind
Nothing can change a situation faster or cause more frustration in an operation than
The effects of wind
Wind is created as— attempt to reach—
Air masses
equilibrium
—Cause changes in atmospheric pressure and therefore gradients in pressure
Warm and cold fronts
Jet stream (the prevailing wind)
Day/night effect (the diurnal wind)
upslope/downslope and
Seabreeze
All–
Influence wind
Can cause a 180° change in wind direction
Arrival of a COLD FRONT
Can indicate an approaching storm and subsequent wind
Falling barometer(atmospheric pressure)
——That spills down through mountain canyons or valleys can be extremely dangerous to firefighters and that it quickly changes fire behavior (whether wildland or structural)
Warm dry wind
——may indicate an upcoming an upcoming weather event, such as a thunderstorm downdraft or a wind shift
Sudden calm period
Some indicators of wind and wind changes can be found in the—-
Pattern formed by clouds
—–May indicate a coming change, especially if the clouds are moving in a different direction than the surface wind.
High fast moving clouds
Indicate high winds that may produce strong downslope winds if they surface
Lenticular clouds(very light sail shaped cloud formations found high aloft)
The development and subsequent release of a thunderstorm causes
Erratic winds and strong down drafts
It is not uncommon to have—-in the vicinity of a thunderstorm squall line
4 or 5 wind direction and speed changes
ISOs should understand the —–for their specific geographic region
Wind patterns
As—–increases so does the risk to ffs
Wind velocity
—should be considered for attack point decisions
High wind influence
—-are common during thunderstorms. The ISO needs to watch weather influences during incidents
Erratic wind shifts
A strong wind can easily defeat the desired outcome of—
PPV fan use
From the ISOs perspective—–needs to be evaluated relative to its effect on FIREFIGHTER EXPOSURE. —–is key!
Temperature
ACCLIMATION
Thunder that CLAPS ——–from the FLASH means that you are in the—-
Less than 5 seconds
Lighting area
Lower humidity means increased—
Fire spread
The ISO working a —–has likely established communication with the fire behaviorist and weather forecaster assigned to the incident
Large wind land fire
In especially dry environments (hot or cold) firefighters become dehydrated quickly
Just by breathing
——-Can cause accelerated fire spread in lumber and other wood products such as shake shingles and plywood and FLYING BRANDs can retain their heat longer and fly further in—–
Prolonged low humidity
Low humidity
This simple activity is often overlooked
Watch the sky
If foul weather is approaching or suspected find a close vantage point to evaluate
Cloud patterns and wind activity
Note the hundred and 180° changes in WIND DIRECTION in a short period of time(——)be especially wary of a—
A few minutes
Sudden calm
- —Thunderstorms can produce rapid changes. Including straight-line winds (microbursts)of —–, hail and lightning.
- ——-Characterized by a rotation between the rain free base of the cloud and a forming wall cloud are ESPECIALLY worthy of attention
Developing
100 mph
Tornadic thunderstorms
At night you lightning flashes to define——– that may be tornadic. large hail(——–) can also indicate that you were near the area where a tornado is most likely to form
Cloud formations
1/4” or larger
A simple rule talk to calculating liking distance is to count the seconds between the
Lightning flash and thunder
Divide by 5= miles
Deep snow not only makes travel difficult but can hide hazards at the incident
Hose advancement becomes difficult and deep snow causing the rapid fatigue of firefighters.—–are key
Frequent crew rotation and rehab
The evacuation of———animals is amazingly dangerous.have a—
Penned, fire threatened
Plan
Some fire rescue departments perform animal rescues as a
Human life-saving activity
—- are particularly hazardous and the ISO needs to know their particulars
Electrical equipment and systems
Firefighters are the only professional athletes you need to work at–
Peak performance without warming up
More often than not overexertion causes—-
Mental (and physical) mistakes
Leading cause of injuries and deaths at incidents
Over exertion
At the heart of reading firefighters is the evaluation of factors that lead to
Over exertion and therefore injuries
We all know that the incident scene is not a competition although the——occasionally presents itself as such
Race against time
most firefighters accept the fact that an incident requiring—— can happen at any time although we structure our lives around the—
Peak performance
typical daily routine
The essence of fire service professionalism is the ability to function—
Safely at all times
If we are truly dedicated to preventing injuries and deaths we need to address the number one cause of injuries-overexertion. the solution of for overexertion includes efforts to make sure firefighters can—
Operate at peak performance
ISOs must deal with ——-overexertion threats to firefighters regardless of their preventative fitness efforts. ISOs can make a difference in the way they—-
“Here and now”
ADRESS human overexertion threats
The factors that influence overexertion are related to
Ergonomics physiology and rehab efforts
Science of adapting work or working conditions to a worker
Ergonomics
Study of problems associated with people adjusting to their work environment
Ergonomics
The firefighters workplace includes the fire station and the apparatus which can be engineered to be ——and the incident scene which creates challenges that are problematic
Ergonomically friendly
We can minimize INJURY POTENTIAL by understanding–
Ergonomic stressors
The key to preventing overexertion
Being aware of the muscular and skeletal stresses and strains the firefighters undergo
Firefighters work in an environment presenting ———that cause overexertion
Ergonomic stressors
The ISO should evaluate the environment the relationship of the worker to the environment and the task being attempted often a slight change in any one of these areas can—-
Reduce injury potential
The ISO can utilize one of three strategies to abate or mitigate the hazard(ergonomic) these are:
Awareness accommodation acclamation
Perhaps the most used abatement strategy and certainly the most simple
Awareness
This is the most difficult strategy to implement during an incident in that most —-is done proactively
Acclamation
One underused form of—– at an incident is to pre-hydrate crews and have them perform simple stretching exercises prior to assignment
other than first due responders
can be very effective in preventing stresses and strains
Acclimation
—-Depends on the metabolic processing (the cell chemistry) of the firefighter
Physiological performance
If the—of a firefighter is not functioning optimally the risk of overexertion increases
Cell chemistry
Factors that affect cell chemistry include
Thermal stress
hydration
Fuel replacement
Incident efforts to address cell chemistry
Rehab
Thermal stress
Heat stress
Hot or cold
internal metabolic heat or External environmental heat
Once the body temperature rises above this number heat stress results
98.6- normal core temperature
Full structural protective clothing reduces the bodies ability to
Evaporate heat by sweating (a cooling mechanism)
Working in direct sunlight adds additional heat stress, especially–
At higher altitudes UV rays
Ff suffering from —go through a series of heat related injuries that get progressively worse as he builds
Heat stress
Serious injury cold and clammy
Heat exhaustion
May be an early warning sign
an early sign
Heat rash
transient heat fatigue
The ISO should be observant of the signs and symptoms of–
Heat Stress
During structural fire operations the ISO should presume that firefighters—
Have elevated core temperatures
Typically firefighters have used—– to reduce core temperatures
Passive cooling
Bring down human core temperatures
Reduce elevated body core temperature
Passive cooling
Active cooling(external methods/devices)
—Above 101°F should trigger an active cooling strategy
Core temperatures
Active cooling is best achieved using
FOREARM immersion technique
This technique is more efficient than misting fans and has a reduced tendency to cause chills (or sudden temperature change shock) that can occur when firefighters immediately go from HOT environments too COLD environments
Submerge hands and forearms in basin of cold water
Cold stress is similar to heat stress in that a ——can occur if the—
Series of injuries
body core temperature cannot be maintained
Should be avoided at all costs
Hypothermia
Serious local injury
Frostbite-frozen
A local injury
Frostnip
most people do not realize they have frostnip. it is however a PRECURSOR to frostbite
Cold stress
—becomes an enemy
Moisture
The prevention of thermal stress injuries can be accomplished thru
Accommodation rotation hydration
Hydration cannot be over emphasized in —-but it is also effective and often forgotten in—
Heat stress environments
Cold stress environments
—-Is vital to the peak operation of virtually every body system from the transport of nutrients to bloodflow to waste removal to temperature regulation
Water
Working firefighters must account for the wearing of PPE ensembles that do not allow for the evaporation of sweat as well as the strenuous physical activity under mentally stressful situations
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The hydration of ffs should be paramount
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As a rule firefighter should strive to drink a quart of water and hour during periods of work this is best delivered in 8 ounce increments spread over an hour
NdndndSnaking
The ISO should view—–from the perspective that a properly nourished firefighter works—-
Firefighter fueling
smarter and safer
The improperly fed firefighter not only want to crash but likely makes———— leading to injury
Sluggish mental calculations
—Are influenced by lifestyles fitness illness over-the-counter and prescription drugs and circadian rhythms
Metabolic rates
A person physiological response to the 24-hour clock which includes sleep energy peaks and necessary body functions
circadian rhythms
The physical and mental performance of a fire depends on–
Each and every cell working optimally
For a CELL to work as well as it can it must use the balance of four essential elements
Oxygen
water
glucose from food and
insulin
The often misprescribed element is——the foundation for—-
Food
building balance
Fuel firefighters with a low glycemic index food so that the———- are stable gradual and consistent
Blood Sugar levels and insulin
The key to providing——- that optimizes —–is to feed firefighters a balance of low glycemic-carbohydrates protein and fat
Quick energy
cell performance
40-carb
30-Protien
30-fat
Stabilize insulin release
Low glycemic carbs
Help cells rejuvenate and facilitates the building of new cells amino acids are the building blocks of sales
Protein
Helps essential hormones form and stabilizes carbohydrate entry rate
Signal “enough” food
Dietary fats
Mono saturated
Whores are fat because they overheat she has mono
Choosing the best protein carbohydrate and fat also promotes
Steady sustained performance
Toughest to balance correctly
Carbohydrates
An understanding of theory provides good PLANNING insight into—-
When to feed firefighters
When a firefighters working hard cells pulled glucose from the bloodstream which the bloodstream gets from the liver
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The more PHYSICAL the task the more important becomes—
Feeding
Feeding=physical
Those assigned to less physical tasks require——– perhaps at a lower volume than those physically working hard
Balanced fueling
—–Requires optimal cell performance also
Optimal thinking
The incident safety officer shall ensure that the ——establishes an incident scene rehabilitation tactical management component during emergency operations
Incident commander
Balanced nutrition substantiative hydration and relief from thermal stress keeps firefighters—
Performing well, mentally and physically
The most important vital sign to stabilize is —-which should be–
Core temperature
97
Time out to help firefighters stabilize their vital signs
Rest
Replacement of fluids and stroke volume lost to perspiration and muscle activity. water is the primary fluid to replace. electrolytes need to be replaced if the firefighter has been sweating for MORE THAN 1 hour
Rehydration
Stands for medical monitoring treatment. paramedics PREFERABLY or EMT basics should make a judgment on whether a firefighter can return to incident duties based on their BEST JUDGEMENT and VITAL SIGNS
Rx
Make sure that provisions are made available for balance food nutrition to improve sustainable energy and mental acuity
Refueling
Four hours of rehab
Rest rehydration Rx refueling
It is been more than two or three hours since food was ingested no readily available
Carbohydrates are available
The every two or three hours when—–demands remain
Physical and mental
NFPA 1521 standard addresses—– as a function of the ISO
Rehab
—- addresses rehab as a function of the ISO
NFPA 1521
The ISO should —-when an essential part of rehab is not being addressed
Offer suggestions
Most firefighter mistakes and injuries at an incident can be attributed to the onset of overexertion which is triggered by—
Ergonomic and physiological stressors
Ergonomic stressors
Physical environment
relationship of worker to the environment
task
Abatement strategies for ergonomic hazards
Awareness accommodation acclamation
Physiological stressors
Thermal stress hydration fuel replacement
Abating thermal stress
Crew rotation accommodation hydration
Balancing food intake and eating in——- essensual
Regular cycles
Perhaps the biggest issue and frustration facing the ISO is
Prioritization of necessary physical and mental functions
It is not at all uncommon for an IC to have the ISO draft a ——-based on the current and predicting situational statuses and resources
Quick action plan
The ISO can be viewed as essentially both
Reactionary and proactive
Most incident commanders and working crews are receptive to the ——component; the situation is likely to be visual and explainable
Reactionary
Is more subjective and places the ISO in a position to sell something that is not so obvious
Proactive
Addressing all the ISO functions and balancing reactive and proactive needs can be achieved by utilizing a—-to incidents
Systematic ISO approach
Two most common approaches to ISO incident duties
Checlist and action models
To be effective checklists and Action models must have certain qualities that make them—-
Usable
Checklists imply an order for task completion especially for
New or inexperienced ISO’s
Even when a jurisdiction especially at large multi agency incidents require predesigned checklist or forms the ISO can easy develop a ——–that makes up for the inadequacies of defined forms
Helper check list or notepad
When required check list and forms are not an issue the ISO is encouraged to create a checklist that takes into account—
Local variables
Template that outlines the mental or physical process to be followed
Action model
The biggest advantage of action models is that they furnish a template in which to
Process multiple inputs
One of the key ingredients in designing the action model was the need to remind ISOs to be —and t—-
Cyclic in their thinking
stay open to changing inputs
All of us use a linear thinking process to handle INCIDENTS that is a process having a–
Defined starting point and a desired end point
During the THINKING process inputs are made along the–
Linear path
—Can contribute to linear thinking
checklists
The ——Must be a linear thinker: establish a path and work towards a positive conclusion
IC
It is imperative for— to create an environment in which they can stay open to multiple inputs and maintain a high degree of situational scanning in awareness that is maintained cyclic thinking
ISOs
The ISO is the——thinker who tend to overestimate hazards
What if
A system of cyclical recurring evaluation by the ISO can help eliminate the trap of
Underestimating hazards
Cyclic four arena model that allows the incident safety officer to mentally process the surveying and monitoring of typical incident activities and concern
ISO action model
Before action model components requiring evaluation inattention can be thought of as the
Four Rs
Resources risk report recon
ISOs need to evaluate the resources of time personnel and equipment
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Most incident safety commanders agree that having an incident safety officer available to help with a 360° scene survey is essential to–
Improving scene safety
The effective ISO uses this recon trip to
Read smoke
read building
read hazardous energy
Timely appropriate communications
Report
most often forgotten
By addressing each other before four Rs continuously and cyclically ISOs apply a
Systematic approach to their duties
Other you choose a checkless or an action model you still need a process to become
Integrated into an ongoing incident
—-should be mandated to ensure that the ISO is dialed into the situation
A process of integration into the incident
NFPA 1521
Rehab as a function Of the ISO
lists incident safety officer functions
When incidents are judge are determined to be recovery and nature the ISO should
Suggest Strategies to reduce risk taking to the ic
Failure to adjust the——- to changing conditions has been cited as a contributing factor in numerous firefighter fatality investigations
Incident action plan
The ISO shall monitor the incident action plan conditions activities and operations to determine whether they fall within the criteria as defined in the
The fire departments risk management plan
The ISO should make a judgment by means of repeated recon whether the operating crews are affecting change as intended by the—–
Incident action plan
It is incumbent on the ISO to ————-if operating crews are not achieving the desired outcomes for an incident action plan
Communicate to the ic
If the ic does not change the action plan the ISO should about evaluate whether an——–and process a firm intervention
Imminent threat exists
Freelancing is most often attributed to a —–although the term can be equally applied to a——- that is determined that a task needs its personal attention
Lone worker
Rogue crew
The solo firefighters probably the deadlier of the two scenarios because of the–
What if potential
The ISO should keep a close eye on working cruise and develop an eye for —
Catching loan workers
In these cases you can catch the freelancing only if you have an intimate knowledge of the—-
Incident action plan
Regarding hazard tape the ISO should use a distinctly identifiable tape when marking—-
Responder no entry zones
Designating a unique tape as a responder exclusionary barrier send the message that–
Even firefighters must stay out
The ISO should evaluate the helicopter LZ to ensure that personnel will not be endangered if
A mishap were to occur
Focus extra effort on this area
Evaluate motor vehicle scene traffic hazards and apparatus placement and take appropriate actions to mitigate hazards
Are probably used more often due to their numerous advantages
Checklist
Is essential to incident handling but has a tendency to underestimate hazards
Linear thinking
On arrival at an incident the ISO should employ a process to
Get dialed in
After checking in
ISO use a systematic approach to perform their duties
Of all the incident times to which fire and rescue departments respond ——–can be considered the most risky for numerous reasons, the greatest of which is the———that a fire department has to make a difference
Structure fires
compressed time windows
——In a building can change in minutes if not seconds and ISOs must rapidly read structures (smoke building and risk)
Growth stage fires
ISOs need to monitor two general areas at STRUCTURE FIRES
1 Risk
2 operational effectiveness
The risk associated with structure bars are usually tied to
Tactical priorities and incident benchmarks
The ISO looks at the —–and determines if the risk being taken match the department preestablished risk-taking criteria
Tactical priorities
The ISO needs to serve as the —-to make sure responders are following established risk guidelines
Risk Cop
The ISO needs to make a judgment that the action plan is making progress towards achieving the objectives of the—
IAP
If the desired results are not being achieved or if incident conditions are deteriorating faster than positive results can be achieved the ISO should
Inform the ic
In structure fires benchmarks and acceptable risk levels are associated with
Tactical priorities
Take a calculated and reduce risk to save
Value property
Fire control under control
How can they tell whether the crews are being effective?
They must utilize there developed skills for reading smoke and reading buildings to make judgments about operational effectiveness
For most fires a positive outcome is likely when the fire is— and—
- Adequately ventilated
- fire flow is met
Adequately ventilated (smoke pressure is relieved from the building) and fire flow is met (GPM quenching)
The ISO should observe signs that a fire attack is—
Being SUCCESSFUL
Rapidly expanding steam that overtakes issuing smoke isn’t good indication that–
FIRE FLOW is being met
Pockets of steam that pale in comparison to the VELOCITY DENSITY AND COLOR of smoke generated may mean that the fire is
Releasing more heat than this stream can match
More often than not inadequate—— impede fire control
Ventilation efforts
When checking into the passport accountability system the ISO should ask the accountability manager–
If things are going well
To be truly effective a PAR should include RADIO transmissions that include the–
Assignment location and number of people in the assignment
Organize reporting activity designed to account for all personnel working in incident
PAR personnel accountability report
Area representing the greatest danger to members and often classified as an IDL H atmosphere red tape
Hot Zone
Limited access area for members directly aiding or supporting operations in the hot zone yellow tape
Warm zone
Establishes the public exclusion or clean zone minimal risk for human injury and/or exposure green tape
COld zone
—–Is responsible for establishing control zones or adjusting established zones at—
ISO
Fires
2008 edition of NFPA 1521
No person
serious or unpredictable nature of the hazardous condition
red white chevron tape
No entry zone
In or around the building where firefighters are exposed or may become exposed to SMOKE OR HEAT
have a partner
2 in/2 out rule
track thru an accountability system
IDLH zone
Areas exposed to trauma debris and/or thrust of a collapse more specific form of a no entry zone
Collapse zone
Firefighters , other responders, IMS staff and apparatus are operating or staged
the general public should not be allowed to wander into
Support zone
The —–control zone suggestions are a good starting place although many ISOs prefer to add clarity to the general definitions
NFPA
Defining zones as IDLH no entry collapse and support is clearer and minimizes—
Miscommunications
The FIREGROUND is filled with——–an obvious barrier to effective radio communications that leads to mist and complete or confusing communications
Significant noise
Crews Engaged in———should have priority to report conditions needs and progress
IDLH environments
The ISO needs to listen to radio traffic and when the ——-is not congruent with the ——–intervene as necessary
Sense of priority
risks being taken
Firefighters overdue for— are at high risk for injury
Rehab
Pay attention to trigger words or phrases that indicate a developing problem
Mayday urgent emergency traffic unintelligible yelling I'm lost look out
To evaluate REHAB EFFECTIVENESS at STRUCTURE FIRES the ISO needs to focus primarily on the effects of
Heat.
physical exertion
weather exposure
Firefighters leaving the building for a ———likely need active core temperature cooling, hydration, and food (if they have not eaten in more than a few hours)
Bottle change
Department policy should dictate a mandatory ——for firefighters working structure fires
Rehab cycle
The greatest traffic risk to firefighters at STRUCTURE FIRES is when they are ———especially when tender shuttle operations are underway
Arriving or moving apparatus
Although——-is a GENERAL duty the——— environment call for more specificity
Risk monitoring
Structure fire
The ISO needs to be willing to make a judgment regarding the likelihood that an ——-can survive the incident
Unlocated victim
Turbulent smoke black fire and superdense smoke issuing from a part of a building are indicators of
Zero rescue profile
A high rescue profile warrants additional risk taking but remember to monitor time smoke conditions and firefighting effectiveness so that the risk-taking can be adjusted as conditions change
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From the ISOs perspective the principal hazard is what more than anything else–
Is likely to KILL firefighters
Fires in void spaces in basements and above drop ceilings pose threats to working groups pay particular attention to these construction features firefighter safety depends on it
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The state of a building, area or condition being sound whole or intact
Environmental integrity
