Island and Ocean Biogeography Flashcards
Which statement is the best description of the species-area curve?
It shows that species increase with island area
According to the graph, which island is the largest in area?
Cuba
The best explanation of why large islands contain more species is that __________________.
larger islands have more available niches in a larger habitat, which can support more species
Why do more distant islands have fewer species?
distant islands can only be colonized by species with the best dispersal abilities
Which statement is the best explanation of the model of island biogeography?
as an island increases in species richness, the extinction rate decreases
Why are many island species particularly vulnerable to invasive species
island species are often specialists with no evolved defenses against pathogens
t/f kelp is the only plant that has evolved to live fully in the ocea
f
t/f the Arctic Ocean is the shallowest of all oceans and has an abundance of photosynthetic organisms that grow on the continental shelf region there
f
t/f coral is considered to be an animal
t
t/f upwelling decreases the amount of nutrients being stirred up in the oceans
f
t/f the oceans cover approximately 71% of Earth’s surface
t
t/f the lack of sunlight in the arctic regions causes sea creatures to migrate north to where the sun still shines
f
What is Island biogeography
the study of how species are distributed and interact on an island
-larger islands contain more species than smaller islands (species area curve)
why do larger islands contain more species than smaller ones
-more common
-can support more species
-more biotic and abiotic features
Extinction
-distance between habitats and source of colonizing species affects species richness
-only select species can disperse long distances
Model of island biogeography
rate of colonization: new species to an island
rate of extinction: species living on island (they are already there)
equilibrium:when the rate of colonization is offset by the rate of extinction
-immigration down, extinction up
-immigration up, extinction down
Why are islands subject to invasive species
-many species have evolved into specialists
-less interaction with other species; less defense
-species can lose abilities needed for survival; flying
In the 1950’s, _______ would allow us to produce maps revealing many features such as _______, trenches, _______, mid-ocean ridges, and ________. The oceans can be divided into ___ distinct levels based on elevation. The first level is called the _____. In the abyssal plain life persists here but without ______ all life is limited to what organic matter drifts down from _____ leaving this as by far the Earth’s _____ and emptiest ________. The second level is called the _______, which sunlight enters allowing _________ to work their magic and serve as a foundation for a much more productive environment. Most life must cling to the _______ shelf regions.
soundings; sea mounts; atolls; continental shelves; 2; abyss; sunlight; above; largest; ecosystem; photo zone; photosynthesizers; coastal line
______ occur where members of the same population become ____ by some geographical obstacle evolve apart only to come back together as two completely _____ species.
Ring species; divided; different
Is there a geographic separation between ocean ecosystems?
No
t/f The Arctic Ocean is the shallowest of all oceans but no large photosynthetic organisms can grow on the continental shelf there
t
______ are microscopic organisms that float in the water column soaking in the _____ to produce ______. Then _______ will eat the phytoplankton. This energy transfer creates the standard model of ocean life
Phytoplankton; light; energy; zooplankton
t/f phytoplankton can not photosynthesize without sunlight
t
the lack of sunlight in the arctic regions causes sea creatures to migrate ____ to where the ____ still shines. They will eventually enter the _____ latitudes where ice is not an issue a photosynthesizer can establish themselves
south; sun; temperate
what does kelp provide marine life?
provides them niches
t/f kelp broadens the productive base of the entire ecosystem
t
The only way to really distinguish between different marine environments is to look at their ______ producers
primary
why can’t kelp grow in tropical waters?
tropical waters are nutrient poor
coral aren’t plants or algae but are _____. Coral can gather more _______ which allow it to survive in tropical waters.
animals; nutrients
what gives coral the competitive edge over kelp?
coral has a symbiotic and zoozlely relationship (can eat and photosynthesize and can gather more nutrients)
t/f upwelling helps to stir up nutrients from deep in the ocean?
t
_____ is the only plant that has evolved to live fully in the ocean
sea grass
