Islamic iberia Flashcards
Caliphate
political-religious state. an area where religious Muslims lived under the leadership of a caliph
Pact of Umar
a template for peace with the Christians of syria
Umayyad Empire
second caliphate established after death of Muhammad
Jizya
Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire
Dhimmi
- aka protected persons
- state obliged under sharia to protect life, property, religious freedom if loyal and paid the jizya tax
- appled to jews, christians, sabiand and later zoroastrians, sikhs, hindus, jains, buddists
Caliph al-Walid I
patron of the Great Mosque of Damascus appointed the son of a freed slave
Minaret
a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
Mihrab
a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray.
Qibla
the direction of the Kaaba (the sacred building at Mecca), to which Muslims turn at prayer.
Corinithian columns
decorative, ball-shaped capital with volutes, two rows of acanthus leaves and an elaborate cornice
Tariq ibn Ziyad
- Amazigh commander
- launched a campaign on Iberia in 711 with a majority Amazigh army
- defeated Roderic
Roderic
last king of the Visigothic kingdom
Abd al-Aziz
- Arab general
- first Umayyad Governor of al-Andalus
- son of Musa
- conquered Hispalis/Ispala
- negotiated the Treaty of Tumir
- married the widow of the Roderic
- assassinated by court politics
Umayyad province of al-Andalus
- plagued by chaos
- most of the Iberian peninsula became part of the expanding Umayyad Empire
- include Huvela, Cadiz, Sevilla, Malaga, Cordoba, Jaen, Granada, and Almeria
Ispal
- original name of the city of Seville
- meaning flat land
Hispalis
- ancient name of Seville
- developed into one of the great market and industrial centers of Hispania
Julia Romula
- aka Seville
- by Julius Ceaser, who made it an official Roman colony
Treaty of Tudmir
- provided the local Christian population with freedom to continue practicing their faith, in exchange for loyalty to ruling Muslims and payment of yearly taxes
Abd al-Rahman I
- grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
- established the Emirate of Cordoba independent of the Abbasid Caliphate making Baghdad its capital
al-wadi al-kabir
‘big river/water’ referred to this by the Arabs
Abbasids
- member of the Abbasid dynasty
-ruled Baghdad - consolidated Islamic rule and cultivated great intellectual and cultural developments in Middle East
Emirate of Cordoba
756-929 CE, medieval Islamic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula
Musa ibn Nusayr
- Umayyad governor and Arab general under Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I
- ruled over Muslim provinces Africa
- initiated the invasion of Spain
Egilona
- Visigothic noblewoman, last known Queen
- first wife of Roderic, then Abd-al aziz
Abd al-Rahman III
- cultural patron
- expanded the Mosque of Cordoba and bult the palace city of Madinat al-Zahra
- encouraged learning and scholarship
3 Caliphates
Islamic world organized into the Cordoba Caliphate of Iberia, Fatimids of N. Africa, and Abbasids of W. Asia
Abbasid knowledge revolution
- initiated a major intellectual and technological revolution founded upon uniting ancient translation movements and made Arabic a major language of science and culture
Multi-foil Arch
- developed by the Umayyads
- architects experimented with both hollow/concave lobes and protruding/convex lobes in the relieving arches above the doors
Al-Hakam II
- son of Abd al Rahman III
- secured peace wiht the Catholic Kingdoms of nothern Iberia
- made use of stability to develop agriculture through construction of irrigation works
Al-Mansur (Almanzor)
- Abbasid ruler
- Overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate
- Established Baghdad as the capital
Apse
A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church
