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Islam Flashcards

1
Q

caliph

A

from the Arabic khalifah (“one who represents or acts on behalf od another”). The caliph was the prophet’s successor as the head of the muslim community; the position became institutionalized in the form of the caliohate, which lasted from 632 to 1924

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2
Q

dhikr

A

“Remembering” God’s name; chanted in Sufi devotional exercises, sometimes while devotees dance in a circle

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3
Q

dhimmis, Ahl Al-Kutab

A

“Protected people”: non Muslim religiious minorities (specifically the Jews and Christians, as “People of the Book”) accorded tolerated status in Islamic society

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4
Q

Fathah

A

the short opening surah of the Qur’an, recited at least 17 times every day

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5
Q

fatwa

A

a ruling issued by a traditional religio-legal authority

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6
Q

fiqh

A

Jurisprudence, or the theoretical principles underpinning the specific regulations contained in the shari’ah

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7
Q

hadith

A

the body of texts reporting muhammad’s words and example, taken by muslims as a foundation for conduct and doctrine; a hadith is an individual unit of literature

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8
Q

hajj

A

the annual pilgrimage to mecca

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9
Q

halal

A

ritually acceptable; most often used in the context of the slaughter of animals for meat, but also refers generally to Muslim dietary regulations

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10
Q

haram

A

“Forbidden” used especially in reference to actions; similar in its connotations to “tabboo”

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11
Q

hijab

A

a women’s veil or head covering

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12
Q

hijrah

A

the prophet’s migration from mecca to establish a community in medina in 622 CE. In dates, the abbreviation AH stands for “year of the hijrah” (the starting point of the islamic dating system)

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13
Q

‘Id al-Fitr

A

the holiday celebrating the end of the Ramadan fast; the festival traditionally begins following the sighting of the new moon

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14
Q

ijma’

A

the consensus of religio-legal scholars; one of the two secondary principles used in jurisprudence; some legal schools give it more weight than others

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15
Q

ijtihad

A

personal reasoning applied to the development of legal opinions

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16
Q

imamis “twelvers”

A

shi’is who recognize 12 imams as legitimate heirs to the prophet’s authority; the last, in occulation since 874, is expected to return some day as the Mahdi

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17
Q

Isma’ilis “Seveners”

A

shi’is who recognize only seven imams; named after the last of them, isma’il whose lineage continues to the present in the agha khan

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18
Q

jihad

A

struggle in defence of faith; some jihads are military, waged in response to threats to the community’s security or welfare; others are spiritual, waged to improve moral conduct in society

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19
Q

kufr

A

rejecting belief; implies lack of gratitude for God’s grace

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20
Q

Mahdi

A

The shi’i twelf imam, understood in his role as the “rightly guided one” who will emerge from hiding at some unspecified future date to restore righteousness and order to the world

21
Q

mi’raj

A

the prophet’s miraculous journey to heaven

22
Q

mu’adhdhin

A

the person who calls people to prayer

23
Q

qiblah

A

the direction of prayer, marked in mosques by a niche inside the wall nearest mecca

24
Q

Ramadan

A

the month throughout which muslims fast during daylight hours

25
Q

sadaqah

A

alms given voluntarily, in addition to the required zakat

26
Q

salat

A

the prescirbed daily prayers, said five times during the day

27
Q

shahadah

A

the muslim profession of faith in God as the only god, and in Muhammad as God’s prophet

28
Q

shari’ah

A

the specific regulations of Islamic law (jurisprudence, or theoretical discussion of the law, is fiqh)
shari’ah meant to regulate human behavior–not just law
range of human behaviors from required to forbidden

29
Q

shaykh

A

the arabic term for a senior master, especially in sufism

30
Q

shi’a

A

from the Arabic meaning “party”: Muslims who trace succession to the Prophet’s authority through the line of Imams descended from ‘Ali: the smaller of the two main divisions of Islam, accounting for about 1/6 of all muslims today: “Shi’i” is the adjective form

31
Q

sunnah

A

the “life-example” of Muhammad’s words and deeds, based mainly on the hadith literature; the primary source of guidance for Muslims

32
Q

Sunni

A

muslims who trace succession to the prophet’s authority through the caliphate, which lasted until the twentieth century; the larger of the two main divisions of Islam, accounting for about 5/6 of all muslims today

33
Q

surah

A

a chapter of the Qur’an: there are 11+ in all, arranged mainly in decreasing order of the length, except the first (Fatihah)

34
Q

tafsir

A

commentary on the Qur’an
Based on one of three authoritative sources: The Qur’an itself, Hadith, and opinions of prophet’s companions and their successors

35
Q

taqlid

A

following the ijtihad or legal opinion of a particular jurist

36
Q

ummah

A

the muslim community

37
Q

zakat

A

the prescribed welfare tax; 2.5 percent of each Muslim’s accumulated wealth, collected by central treasuries in earlier times ut now donated to charities independently of state governments

38
Q

jahiliyyah

A

the ignorance time before islam, polytheistic, time of revenge of politics, the kaba had many idols and images of many religions

39
Q

Qur’an

A

nearly as long as the new testament

Muslims believe it contains the eternal word fo god, always recited in arabic,

40
Q

Five pillars of islam

A 
Shahadah: profession of faith
Salat: prayer
Zakat: alms (charity)
Ramadan
Hajj
41
Q

ayat

A

verses of the qu’ran

42
Q

sunni schools of law

A

hanafi, maliki, shafr’i, hanbali

43
Q

shia schools of law

A

jafari

44
Q

ibn sina

A

980-1037 from buhara in central asia–refered to as second teacher after Aristotle
Physician philosopher astronomer
extremley influential

45
Q

al ghazali

A

1058-1111 from Iran
Mystical understanding of God
“incoherence of philosophers” denies idea of using causality to prove existence of god

46
Q

Averroes

A

12th century port of Spain
wrote response to “incoherence of incoherence” argues that al gazhali misintreprets aristotle
says philosophy to understand god for elite religion is to understand god for uneducated masses

47
Q

sufism

A

mystical religion
3rd largest sect of islam
strong emphasis on repetitive ritual know god
ecstatic state to communicate w god

48
Q

Abu Bakr

A

who Sunnis believed should succeed muhamad

college (12 decks)

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