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Hinduism Flashcards

1
Q

acharya

A

the leading teacher of a sect or the head of a monestary

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2
Q

advaita

A

shankara’s school of philosophy, which holds that there is only one ultimate reality, the indescribable Brahman, with which the Atman or self is identical

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3
Q

Alvars

A

12 devotional poets whose works are central to the South Indian Bhakti tradition

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4
Q

artha

A

prosperity; one of the three classical aims in life

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5
Q

ashramas

A

4 stages in life of an upper-class male; student, householder, forest-dweller, and ascetic

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6
Q

Atman

A

the individual self, human soul, held by Upanishadic and Vedantic thought to be identical with Brahman, the world-soul

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7
Q

avatara

A

a “descent” or incarnation of a diety in earthly form

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8
Q

Ayurveda

A

A system of traditional medicine, understood as a teaching transmitted from the sages

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9
Q

Bhagavad Gita

A

A section of the Mahabaharata epic recounting a conversation between Krishna and the warrior Arjuna, in which Krishna explains dharma with taking up arms against the family. He teaches devotion to krishna and importance of selfless action. Schoolchildren memorize this part of the Mahabarta, recited at hindu festivals. Educated arjuna about ways of warrior, nature and purpose of life, reincarnation, liberation

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10
Q

Bhakti

A

loving devotion to a deity seen as a gracious being who enters the world for the benefit of humans

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11
Q

Brahma

A

the creator god, (not brahman)

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12
Q

Brahamanas

A

Texts regarding ritual

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13
Q

brahmin

A

a member of the priestly cast

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14
Q

darshana

A

seeing and being seen by the deity (in the temple) or by a holy teacher; the experience of behold with faith

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15
Q

Deepavali (Diwali)

A

Festival of light in October-November, when lamps are lit

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16
Q

devanagari

A

the alphabet used to write Sanskrit and northern Indian vernacular languages such as Hindi and Bengali

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17
Q

dharma

A

Religious and social duty. Includes boths righteousness and faith, based on caste

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18
Q

guru

A

a spiritual leader

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19
Q

Holi

A

spring festival celebrated by throwing brightly coloured water or powder

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20
Q

jnana

A

knowledge; along with action and devotion, one of the three avenues to liberation explained in the Bhagavad Gita

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21
Q

kama

A

sensual (not merely sexual) pleasure; one of the three classical aims of life

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22
Q

karma

A

action, good and bad, as it is believed to determine the quality of rebirth in future lives

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23
Q

kshatriya

A

a member of the warrior class in ancient hindu society

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24
Q

linga

A

a conical or cylindrical stone column, symbolizing the creative energies of the god Shiva

25
Q

Mahabharata

A

a very long epic poem, one section of which is the Bhagavad Gita. About 2 clashing families: Pandavas and Kharavas. The kharavas are an evil family that the warrior Arjuna (moral exemplar) is fighting against. In the Bhagvad Gita: Krishna (incarnation of Vishnu) has a famous conversation with Arjuna where he asks if it is good dharma to take up arms against family. First try peaceful methods, if they fail then take up arms. Teaches devotion to krishna and importance of selfless action.

26
Q

Mantra

A

an expression of one or more syllables, chanted repeatedly as a focus of concentration in devotion

27
Q

moksha

A

liberation from the cycle of birth and death; one of the three classical aims in life

28
Q

murti

A

a form or personification in which divinity is manifested

29
Q

Navaratri

A

“nine nights” an autumn festival honouring the Goddess

30
Q

om

A

a syllable chanted in meditation, interpreted as representing ultimate reality, or the universe, or the relationship of the devotee to the deity

31
Q

prasada

A

a gift from the deity, especially food that has been presented to the god’s temple image, blessed, and returned to the devotee

32
Q

puja

A

ritual household worship of the deity, commonly involving oil lamps, incense, prayers, and food offerings

33
Q

puranas

A

“old tales,” stories about deities that became important after the vedic period

34
Q

Ramayana

A

an epic recounting of the life of Lord Rama, an incarnation of the god vishnu. Rama was a prince who was kicked out of his kingdom and had to go into the forest with his brother and wife, Sita. His father died of grief after he had to leave the kingdom. While in the forest, Sita is kidnapped by the demon god Ravana. The monkey God Hanuman helps Rama rescue Sita. There is an epic battle between Rama and Ravana that Rama wins. They return to the kingdom and Rama is coronated King

35
Q

rishi

A

a seer, the composers of the ancient vedic hymns are considered rishis

36
Q

sadhu

A

a holy man

37
Q

samnyasin

A

a religious ascetic; one who has reached the last of the 4 stages of life for a hindu male (see ashramas)

38
Q

samsara

A

the continuing cycle of rebirths that you want to escape

39
Q

sati

A

the self-sacrifice of a widow who throws herself onto her deceased husband’s funeral pyre

40
Q

shruti

A

“what is heard,”; the sacred literature of the vedic and upanishadic periods, recited orally by the brahmin priests for man centuries before it was written down

41
Q

shudra

A

a member of the lowest of the 4 major classes, usually translated as “servant,” though some groups within the shudra class coul be quite prosperous

42
Q

smrti

A

“What is remembered” a body of ancient Hindu literature, including the epics, Puranas, and law codes, formed after the shruti and passed down in written form

43
Q

tantra

A

an esoteric school outside the Vedic and brahminical tradition, which emerged around the 5th century and centered on a number of controversial ritual practices, some of them sexual

44
Q

upanayana

A

the inituation of a young brahmin boy into ritual responsibility, in which he is given a cord to wear over his left shoulder and a mantra to recite and is sent to beg for food for the day

45
Q

Upanishads

A

At the end of each Veda: Philosophical texts in the form of reported conversations on the theory of the Vedic ritual and the nature of knowlegde, composed around the 6th century BCE

46
Q

vaishya

A

a member of the third or mercantile class in the ancient fourfold class structure

47
Q

Vedas

A

composed between 1500-600 BCE
the four collection of hymns and ritual texts that constitute the oldest and most highly respected Hindu sacred literature
Rig Veda establishes caste system

48
Q

yoga

A

a practice and discipline that may involve a philosophical system and mental concentration as well as physical postures and exercises

49
Q

Brahman

A

supreme being
infuses all of creation: divine infused in all aspects of life
Hinduism considered monotheistic as Brahman is the main God and the other Gods are manifestations of Brahman

50
Q

3 ways of liberation

A

in Bhagavad Gita. (1) Way of action (karma yoga). Ating in world with righteousness without desire for reward (2) Jhana-yoga–scholarship (3) Bhakti-yoga (devotion) doing devotions to krishna, performing rituals, participating in celebration

51
Q

Vishnu

A

“all pervasive one” takes on earthly forms-avataras, to try to rid earth of evil and establish dharma. Manu–archetypal man

52
Q

Shiva

A

appears in paradoxical roles (creator and destroyer). Husband of The Goddess

53
Q

The Goddess

A

Pervarti. Not really as powerful as Vishnu and Shiva, sometimes represented as fierce, takes on multiple forms

54
Q

Sarasvati

A

consort of Brahman, goddess of knowledge/learning. Depicted with 4 hands. Beads: counting and devotion, musical instruments, manuscript

55
Q

Ganesha

A

elephant god. son of shiva+goddess. Symbolic of removal of obstacles and hindrances. Ability to progress and succeed

56
Q

Hindu Trinity

A

Vishnu=preserver
Shiva=destroyer
Brahma=creator
Result of colonists trying to find something similar in hindu culture

57
Q

kaliyoga

A

steady decline of morality, happiness and human disaster. 430,000 years left
Time seen in circular way

58
Q

caste

A 
system of class hierarchy+discrimination.
1.Brahmins
2.Kshatriyas
3.Vaishyas
4.Shudras
5. Outcaste
Jhati=birth group
59
Q

dharmashastra

A

text about moral duties, laws of Manu set out roles and duties for the 4 main classes

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