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IS 414 > IS 414 CH. 6 (VOCAB) > Flashcards

IS 414 CH. 6 (VOCAB) Flashcards

1
Q

Hacking

A

Unauthorized access, modification, or use of an electronic device or some element of a computer system

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2
Q

Hijacking

A

Gaining control of someone else’s computer to carry out illicit activities, such as sending spam without the computer user’s knowledge

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3
Q

Botnet

A

A network of powerful and dangerous hijacked computers that are used to attack systems or spread malware

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4
Q

Zombie

A

A hijacked computer, typically part of a botnet, that is used to launch a variety of internet attacks

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5
Q

Bot herder

A

The person who creates a botnet by installing software on Pcs that responds to the bot herder’s electronic instructions

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6
Q

Denial-of-service (DoS) attack

A

A computer attack in which the attacker sends many email bombs or web page requests, often from randomly generated false addresses, that the internet service provider’s email server or the web server is overloaded and shuts down

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7
Q

Spamming

A

Simultaneously sending the same unsolicited message to many people, often in an attempt to sell them something

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8
Q

Dictionary attack

A

Using special software to guess company email addresses and send them blank email messages. Unreturned messages are usually valid email addresses that can be added to spammer email lists

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9
Q

Splog

A

Spam blogs created to increase a website’s Google PageRank, which is how often a web page is referenced by other web pages

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10
Q

Spoofing

A

Altering some part of an electronic communication to make it look as if someone else sent the communication in order to gain the trust of a recipient

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11
Q

Email spoofing

A

Making a sender address and other parts of an email header appear as though the email originated from a different source

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12
Q

Caller ID spoofing

A

Displaying an incorrect number on the recipient’s caller ID display to hide the caller’s identity

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13
Q

IP address spoofing

A

Creating internet protocol packets with a forged IP address to hide the sender’s identity or to impersonate another computer system

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14
Q

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing

A

Sending fake ARP messages to an Ethernet LAN. ARP is a computer networking protocol for determining a network host’s hardware address when only its IP or network address is known

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15
Q

MAC address

A

A media access control address is a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node on a network

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16
Q

SMS spoofing

A

Using short message service to change the name or number a text message appears to come from

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17
Q

DNS Spoofing

A

Sniffing the ID of a domain name system request and replying before the real DNS server

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18
Q

Zero-day attack

A

An attack between the time a new software vulnerability is discovered and “released it into the wild” and the time a software developer releases a patch to fix the problem

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19
Q

Patch

A

Code released by software developers that fixes a particular software vulnerability

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20
Q

Cross-site scripting (XSS)

A

A vulnerability in dynamic web pages that allows an attacker to bypass a browser’s security mechanisms and instruct the victim’s browser to execute code, thinking it came from the desired website

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21
Q

Buffer overflow attack

A

When the amount of data entered into a program is greater than the amount of the input buffer. The input overflow overwrites the next computer instruction, causing the system to crash. Hackers exploit this by crafting the input so that the overflow contains code that tells the computer what to do next. This code could open a back door into the system

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22
Q

SQL injection (insertion) attack

A

Inserting a malicious SQL query in input such that it is passed to and executed by an application program. This allows a hacker to convince the application to run SQL code that it was not intended to execute

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23
Q

Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack

A

A hacker placing himself between a client and a host to intercept communications between them

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24
Q

Masquerading/impersonation

A

Gaining access to a system by pretending to be an authorized user. This requires that the perpetrator know the legitimate user’s ID and passwords

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25
Piggybacking
(1) Tapping into a communications line and electronically latching onto a legitimate user who unknowingly carries the perpetrator into the system. (2) The clandestine use of a neighbor's Wi-Fi network. (3) An unauthorized person following an authorized person through a secure door, bypassing physical security controls
26
Password cracking
When an intruder penetrates a system's defenses, steals the file containing valid passwords, decrypts them, and uses them to gain access to programs, files, and data
27
War dialing
Programming a computer to dial thousands of phone lines searching for dial-up modem lines. Hackers hack into the PC attached to the modem and access the network to which it is connected
28
War driving
Driving around looking for unprotected home or corporate wireless networks
29
War rocketing
Using rockets to let loose wireless access points attached to parachutes that detect unsecured wireless networks
30
Phreaking
Attacking phone systems to obtain free phone line access, use phone lines to transmit malware, and to access, steal, and destroy data
31
Data diddling
Changing data before or during entry into a computer system in order to delete, alter, add, or incorrectly update key system data
32
Data leakage
The unauthorized copying of company data, often without leaving any indication it was copied
33
Podslurping
Using a small device with storage capacity to download unauthorized data from a computer
34
Salami technique
Stealing tiny slices of money from many different accounts
35
Round-down fraud
Instructing the computer to round down all interest calculations to two decimal places. The faction of a cent rounded down on each calculation is put into the programmer's account
36
Economic espionage
Theft of information, trade secrets, and intellectual property
37
Cyber-extortion
Threatening to harm a company or a person if a specified amount of money is not paid
38
Cyber-bullying
Using computer technology to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior that torments, threatens, harasses, humiliates, embarrasses, or otherwise harms another person
39
Sexting
Exchanging sexually explicit text messages and revealing pictures with other people, usually by means of a phone
40
Internet terrorism
Using the internet to disrupt electronic commerce and harm computers and communications
41
Internet misinformation
Using the internet to spread false or misleading information
42
Email threats
Threats sent to victims by email. The threats usually require some follow-up action, often at great expense to the victim
43
Internet auction fraud
Using an internet auction site to defraud another person
44
Internet pump-and-dump fraud
Using the internet to pump up the price of a stock and then sell it
45
Click fraud
Manipulating the number of times an ad is clicked to inflate advertising bills
46
Web cramming
Offering a free website for a month, developing a worthless website, and charging the phone bill of the people who accept the offer for months, whether they want to continue using the website or not
47
Software piracy
The unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted software
48
Social engineering
The techniques or psychological tricks used to get people to comply with the perpetrator's wishes in order to fain physical or logical access to a building, computer, server, or network. It is usually to get the information needed to obtain confidential data
49
Identity theft
Assuming someone's identity, usually for economic gain, by illegally obtaining confidential information such as a Social Security number or a bank account or credit card number
50
Pretexting
Using an invented scenario (the pretext) that creates legitimacy in the target's mind in order to increase the likelihood that a victim will divulge information or do something
51
Posing
Creating a seeming legitimate business, collecting personal information while making a sale, and never delivering the product
52
Phishing
Sending an electronic message pretending to be a legitimate company, usually a financial institution, and requesting information or verification of information and often warning of a consequence if it is not provided. The request is bogus, and the information gathered is used to commit identity theft or to steal funds from the victim's account
53
Vishing
Voice phishing; it is like phishing except that the victim enters confidential data by phone
54
Carding
Activities performed on stolen credit cards, including making a small online purchase to determine whether the card is still valid and buying and selling stolen credit card numbers
55
Pharming
Redirecting website traffic to a spoofed website
56
Evil twin
A wireless network with the same name as a legitimate wireless access point. Users are connected to the twin because it has a stronger wireless signal or the twin disrupts or disables the legitimate access point. Users are unaware that they connect to the evil twin and the perpetrator monitors the traffic looking for confidential information
57
Typosquatting/URL hijacking
Setting up similarly names websites so that users making typographical errors when entering a website name are sent to an invalid site
58
QR barcode replacements
Fraudsters cover valid OR codes with stickers containing a replacement QR code to fool people into going to an unintended site that infects their phones with malware
59
Tabnapping
Secretly changing an already open browser tab in order to capture user IDs and passwords when the victim logs back in to the site
60
Scavenging/dumpster diving
Searching documents and records to gain access to confidential information. Scavenging methods include searching garbage cans, communal trash bins, and city dumps
61
Shoulder surfing
When perpetrators look over a person's shoulders in a public place to get information such as ATM PIN numbers or user IDs and passwords
62
Lebanese looping
Inserting a sleeve into an ATM that prevents it from ejecting the card. The perpetrator pretends to help the victim, tricking the person into entering the pin again. Once the victim gives up, the thief removes the card and uses it and the pin to withdraw money
63
Skimming
Double swiping a credit card in a legitimate terminal or covertly swiping a credit card in a small, hidden, hand-held card reader that records credit card data for later use
64
Chipping
Posing as a service engineer and planting a small chip that records transaction data in a legitimate card reader. The chip is later removed to access the data recorded on it
65
Eavesdropping
Listening to private communications or tapping into data transmissions intended for someone else. One way to intercept signals is by setting up a wiretap
66
Malware
Any software that is used to do harm
67
Spyware
Software that secretly monitors computer usage, collects personal information about users, and sends it to someone else, often without the computer user's permission
68
Adware
Spyware that causes banner ads to pop up on a monitor, collects information about the user's web-surfing and spending habits, and forwards it to the adware creator, often an advertising or media organization. Adware usually comes bundled with freeware and shareware downloaded from the internet
69
Torpedo software
Software that destroys competing malware. This sometimes results in "malware warfare" between competing malware developers
70
Scareware
Malicious software of no benefit that is sold using scare tactics
71
Ransomware
Software that encrypts programs and data until ransom is paid to remove it
72
Keylogger
Software that records computer actvity, such as a user's keystrokes, emails sent and received, websites visited, and chat session participation
73
Trojan horse
A set of unauthorized computer instructions in an authorized and otherwise properly functioning program
74
Time bomb/logic bomb
A program that lies idles until some specific circumstance or a particular time triggers it. Once triggered, the program sabotages the system by destroying programs or data
75
Trap door/back door
A set of computer instructions that allows a user to bypass the system's normal controls
76
Packet sniffers
Programs that capture data from information packets as they travel over the internet or company networks. Captured data is sifted to find confidential or proprietary information
77
Steganography program
A program that can merge confidential information with a seemingly harmless file, password protect the file, send it anywhere in the world, where the file is unlocked and the confidential information is reassembled. The host file can still be heard or viewed because humans are not sensitive enough to pick up the slight decrease in image or sound quality
78
Rootkit
A means of concealing system components and malware from the operating system and other programs; can also modify the operating system
79
Superzapping
The unauthorized use of a special system program to bypass regular system controls and perform illegal acts. The superzap utility was originally written to handle emergencies, such as restoring a system that had crashed
80
Virus
A segment of executable code that attaches itself to a file, program, or some other executable system component. When the hidden program is triggered, it makes unauthorized alterations to the way a system operates
81
Worm
Similar to a virus, except that it is a program rather than a code segment hidden in a host program. A worm also copies itself automatically an actively transmits itself directly to other systems
82
Bluesnarfing
Stealing (snarfing) contact lists, images, and other data using flaws in Bluetooth applications
83
Bluebugging
Taking control of someone else's phone to make or listen to calls, send or read text messages, connect to the internet, forward the victim's calls, and call the numbers that charge fees

IS 414 (23 decks)

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