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NBCE Part 1 > Irene Gold Part 1 Review Book Phys Section > Flashcards

Irene Gold Part 1 Review Book Phys Section Flashcards

1
Q

Blood from the UE gets into the heart through?

A

SVC

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2
Q

Blood from the LE gets into the heart through?

A

IVC

exception: azygous vein drains lumbars into SVC

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3
Q

Azygous vein drains lumbars into….

A

SVC

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4
Q

From the right atrium, 80% of blood passively flows into the….

A

right ventricle

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5
Q

From the right atrium, 20% of blood needs atrial contraction (starts in SA node in crista terminalis and travels to AV node). What wave is this on an ECG?

A

P wave

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6
Q

The AV nodal delay is from the SA node to AV node. What is this interval on an ECG?

A

PR interval

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7
Q

What is the mL measurement for end of diastole?

A

120mL

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8
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

at the end of diastole (120mL) and when the tricuspid valve closes S->I heart sound

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9
Q

What is the interval on an ECG for ventricular contraction/depolarization?

A

QRS complex

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10
Q

At mid systole, it is enough pressure to blow open which valves?

A

semilunar valves

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11
Q

Blood exits the heart via ____________________ to lungs

A

2 pulmonary arteries

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12
Q

Does the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

deoxygenated blood

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13
Q

Does the umbilical artery carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood to fetus?

A

deoxygenated blood

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14
Q

Blood is oxygenated via what effect in the lungs?

A

Bohrs effect

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15
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to Hb?

A

4 oxygens

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16
Q

What percentage of Hb is saturated with oxygen in the lungs?

A

97%

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17
Q

Blood exits lung via ______________ into left atrium

A

4 pulmonary veins

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18
Q

What blood vessels have the highest conc. of oxygen in the cardiac system?

A

pulmonary veins

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19
Q

Do pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

A

oxygenated blood

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20
Q

Does the umbilical vein carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood in fetus?

A

oxygenated blood

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21
Q

From the left atrium, 80% of blood passively flows into….

A

left ventricle

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22
Q

Which valve must close for isovolumetric contraction?

A

mitral valve

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23
Q

Which valve opens mid systole?

A

aortic valve

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24
Q

Which valve closes during S2 heart sound?

A

aortic valve

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25
Which valve must close for isovolumetric relaxation?
aortic valve
26
Which wave on ECG shows atrial depolarization/ atrium contraction?
P wave
27
Which wave on ECG shows AV node delay?
PR interval
28
Which wave on ECG shows isovolumetric contraction?
R wave
29
Impulse released from AV node down bundle of His into Purkinjie fibers
isovolumetric contraction/ R wave
30
The ____________ system in R ventricle is 150x faster than AV node in heart due to increased intercalacted discs and gap junctions
purkinjie
31
Which wave on ECG is the 1st downward deflection?
Q wave
32
Atrial repolarization is hidden under which complex on ECG?
QRS complex
33
Which wave on ECG shows ventricular repolarization?
T wave
34
Which wave on ECG shows repolarization of the papillary muscle?
U wave
35
Which wave on ECG shows isovolumetric relaxation?
ST segment
36
Inverted T wave or altered ST segment=
MI
37
Long absolute refractory period is during what wave on ECG?
plateaus (impossible to fire heart again at this point)
38
Auto rhythmicity/ automatic conductivity is the heart beating on its own due to....
leaky sodium channels and SA node
39
What is a 1st degree heart block?
elongation of PR interval
40
What is a 2nd degree heart block?
Winkebocks phenomena = elongation of PR till 2 atrial depolarization show up
41
What is a complete heart block?
no pattern on EKG, its random
42
diastole=
relaxation
43
systole=
contraction
44
What cardio test detects murmurs?
echocardiogram
45
What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure?
essential HTN
46
What is the 2nd most common cause of congestive heart failure?
aortic stenosis
47
Who is the universal donor of blood?
type O
48
Who is the universal recipient of blood?
type AB
49
What law is this? -cardiac output is equal to venous return
starling's law note: if venous return exceeds cardiac output= CHF
50
What is the function of type 1 pneumocytes?
gas exchange
51
What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes?
surfactant to decrease surface tension
52
acidosis= increased _________ and decreased _______
1st blank: H+, CO2 2nd blank: O2
53
alkalosis= decreased ___________ and increased ___________
1st blank: H+, CO2 2nd blank: O2
54
Respiratory acidosis is caused by what?
decreased ventilation ex: holding breath or pneumonia
55
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by what?
increased ventilation ex: hyperventilation
56
Metabolic acidosis is caused by what?
non lung acidosis like diarrhea or diabetic ketoacidosis
57
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by what?
non lung alkalosis like bulimia or use of diuretics
58
What is the most powerful vasoconstrictor?
Ang 2
59
What triggers the release of aldosterone?
ang 2
60
What is the function of aldosterone in the DCT?
save sodium, excrete potassium
61
What triggers the release of ADH?
increased sodium osmolality
62
What is the function of ADH in the collecting duct?
allow reabsorption of water by making collecting ducts permeable to water
63
DCT absorbs sodium under the influence of aldosterone. Everything else is absorbed where?
PCT
64
What part of the kidney prevents excess ion excretion?
loop of henle
65
Where is melatonin produced?
pineal gland
66
What AA is used to make melatonin?
tryptophan
67
What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis
68
What is another name for anterior pituitary gland?
adenohypophysis
69
The anterior pituitary gland is derived from what embryological structure?
Rathke's pouch
70
The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus through the...
hypophyseal portal system
71
What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
1) ACTH 2) FSH 3) GH 4) LH 5) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) 6) prolactin 7) TSH
72
The posterior pituitary gland is derived from what embryological structure?
neuroectoderm
73
What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
1) ADH/vasopressin from supraoptic nucleus 2) oxytocin from the paraventricular nucleus
74
A deficiency in what hormone would cause diabetes insipidus?
ADH/vasopressin
75
What are the functions of oxytocin?
uterus contraction and milk let down
76
An excess of what hormone would result in cushing's syndrome?
ACTH
77
A deficiency of what hormone would result in addison's disease?
ACTH
78
What hormone releases the follicle and then releases estrogen in the proliferative phase?
FSH
79
What hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
FSH
80
A deficiency in what hormone would result in infertility?
FSH
81
What is another name for growth hormone?
somatropin
82
An excess of what hormone would cause gigantism before growth plates close, or acromegaly after growth plates close?
GH
83
A deficiency in what hormone would cause dwarfism?
GH
84
Which hormone is responsible for ovulation and forms the corpus luteum to make progesterone in the secretory phase?
LH
85
What hormone is responsible for making testosterone?
LH
86
An excess of what hormone would cause hyperthyroidism or Grave's disease?
TSH
87
A deficiency of what hormone would cause hypothyroidism or hashimoto's?
TSH
88
What hormone takes calcium out of bone and puts it into blood, which also decreases phosphorus in blood?
PTH
89
Where is calcitonin made?
parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
90
What hormone pulls calcium from blood and puts it into bones, which increases phosphorus in blood?
calcitonin
91
The adrenal cortex is derived from what embryological tissue?
mesoderm
92
The adrenal medulla is derived from what embryological tissue?
neural crest
93
Which part of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone?
zona glomerulosa
94
Which part of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol?
zona fasciculata
95
Which part of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?
zona reticularis
96
What enzyme starts the breakdown of starch?
salivary amylase
97
What enzyme starts the breakdown of fat?
sublingual lipase
98
Covering a muscle fiber=
endomysium
99
covering a muscle fascicle=
perimysium
100
covers entire muscle=
epimysium
101
contraction with no joint movement=
isometric contraction
102
contraction with joint movement with constant weight=
isotonic contraction
103
contraction with constant speed and variable resistance=
isokinetic contraction

NBCE Part 1 (22 decks)

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