IR2- week 3

Question 1

soluble mediators (effectors) of the innate (natural) immune system
- essential part of normal host defense mechanisms

Answer 1

complement

Question 2

functions of complement

Answer 2

lysis, opsonization, activation of inflammatory response, immune clearance.

Question 3

deposition of opsonin on antigen, thereby promoting a stable adhesive contact with appropriate phagocytic cell

Answer 3

opsonization

Question 4

binds to specific complement receptors on cells of the immune system, triggering

Answer 4

activation of immune response

Question 5

removes immune complexes from the circulation and deposits them in the spleen and liver

Answer 5

immune clearance.

Question 6

biological molecules that catalyze metabolic process

Answer 6

enzymes

Question 7

enzymes that break down proteins into shorter fragments by hydrolysis of peptide bonds that link amino acids together

Answer 7

proteinases

Question 8

found in the beta 1 and beta 2 globulin fraction of serum electrophoresis (Ab are found in the gamma fraction)

Answer 8

complement proteinases

Question 9

the process of sequential zymogen activation by cleavage of the protein results in

Answer 9

enzymatic cascade

Question 10

initiated by Abs bound to the surface of the target- antibody dependent

Answer 10

classical pathwaya

Question 11

antibody independent

Answer 11

alternative pathway

Question 12

most recently discovered, also antibody independent; initiated by the recognition of pathogens with terminal mannose groups

Answer 12

lectin pathway

Question 13

a chemical messenger that causes migration of cells in a particular direction

Answer 13

chemotaxin

Question 14

the general term for a large group of molecules involved in signaling between cells during immune responses (chemical messengers)

Answer 14

cytokine

Question 15

affects the cell that is secreting the cytokine

Answer 15

autocrine

Question 16

affects cells that are near (in the same proximity of) the secretor

Answer 16

paracrine

Question 17

affects cells in distant parts of the body far away from the secretor

Answer 17

endocrine

Question 18

cytokine has different biological effects on different target cells

Answer 18

pleiotropy

Question 19

two or more cytokines that mediate similar functions; this property makes it difficult to ascribe a particular activity to a single cytokine

Answer 19

redundancy

Question 20

the combined effect of two cytokines on cellular activity is greater than the additive effects on the individual cytokines

Answer 20

synergy

Question 21

the effects of one cytokine inhibit or offset the effects of another cytokine

Answer 21

antagonism

Question 22

the action of one cytokine on a target cell induces that cell to produce one or more other cytokines, which in turn may induce other target cells to produce other cytokines

Answer 22

cascade induction.

Question 23

in cases of severe immune reaction, white blood cells release too many cytokines into the blood too quickly causing harm to the host

Answer 23

cytokine storm

Question 24

cytokines produced by leukocytes that affect the inflammatory process through an increase in soluble factors or cells

Answer 24

interleukins (IL)

Question 25

what is the function of interleukins?

Answer 25

communicate between white blood cells

Question 26

small peptides that are secreted by stimulated T cells and which regulate the function of other cells and tissues

Answer 26

lymphokines

Question 27

small peptides that are secreted by monocytes and which regulate the function of other cells and tissues

Answer 27

monokines

Question 28

cytokines produced by T cells and other cell lines that inhibit viral synthesis or act as immune regulators

Answer 28

interferons (INFs)

Question 29

source: leukocytes- inhibit viral replications

Answer 29

alpha INFs

Question 30

source: fribroblasts inhibits viral replication

Answer 30

beta INFs

Question 31

source: T- helper (CD4), T cytotoxic (CD8), and NK cells- have antiviral effects, activate macrophages, NK cells, and stimulates B- cells to make antibodies.

Answer 31

gamma INFs

Question 32

principle mediator of the acute inflammatory response to gram negative bacteria and other infectious mircobes

Answer 32

tumor necrosis factors (TNF)

Question 33

cytokine secreted by macrophages that has cytotoxic activity against tumor cells; also play a role in inflammatory response

Answer 33

TNF alpha

Question 34

a cytokine produced by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes that acts against virally infected cells and tumor cells

Answer 34

TNF beta

Question 35

augments against the activity of many cytokines

Answer 35

TNF gamma

Question 36

a cytokine produced mainly by fibroblasts and epithelial cells that induces growth of hematopoietic cells destined to become macrophages and monocytes

Answer 36

macrophage/ monocyte colony- stimulating Factor (M-CSF)

Question 37

a cytokine produced by activated T cells and other cell lines that stimulates an increased supply of granulocytic cells and macrophages

Answer 37

granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor

Question 38

have the ability to stimulate the growth and development/ expansion of various leukocytes or erythroid colonies from bone marrow cells
-provides a link between lymphoid and hematopoietic system

Answer 38

colony stimulating factor

Question 39

a cytokine produced a fibroblasts and epithelial cells that induces growth of hematopoietic stem cells destined to become granulocytes

Answer 39

granulocyte colony stimulating factor

Question 40

a cytokine that interacts with a tyrosine kinase membrane receptor
- under the influence of different stem cell factors hematopoietic progenitor cells acquire characterisitics of specific cell lineages

Answer 40

stem cell factor

Question 41

cytokine testing methods

Answer 41

liquid chromatography
ELISA multiplex kit