IR week 7

Question 1

2 types of antimicrobial agents

Answer 1

static and cidal

Question 2

what type of antimicrobial agent inhibits growth?

Answer 2

static

Question 3

what type of antimicrobial agent kills organisms?

Answer 3

cidal

Question 4

what type of agents act against bacteria?

Answer 4

bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal

Question 5

what time of agents act against fungi?

Answer 5

fungistatic and fungicidal

Question 6

what structures are affected by antimicrobial action?

Answer 6

protein synthesis, essential metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, membrane integrity, and cell wall integrity

Question 7

resulted from overuse of vancomycin after the rapid spread of MRSA

Answer 7

vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Question 8

which enzyme produced by NG inactivates ceftriaxone?

Answer 8

B-lactamase

Question 9

list the mechanisms for development of resistance to antimicrobial agents

Answer 9

• enzymatic inactivation of agent
• altered target
• altered transport agent in or out
• acquisition of genetic factors from other resistant organisms

Question 10

what has allowed for higher sensitivity, specificity and the rapid detection and typing of fungi?

Answer 10

sequencing and real time PCR

Question 11

what are the common targets for mold typing?

Answer 11

ITS regions or 28S RNA

Question 12

naturally exists in nature found in air, soil, and organic matter

Answer 12

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 13

lives in the soil, particularly in areas with high amount of bird and bat droppings

Answer 13

Histoplasmosis

Question 14

multiplex fungal assays/fungal panels are called

Answer 14

Panfungal

Question 15

amplicons of the ITS or 28S regions can be analyzed by

Answer 15

sequencing, restriction enzyme analysis, or sequence specific PCR

Question 16

causative agent of amoebic dysentery and can penetrate through the gut wall and reach the liver

Answer 16

E. histolytica

Question 17

this can detect E. histolytica in stool, abscess, aspirates, and tissue biopsies

Answer 17

PCR

Question 18

protozoan flagellate that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms

Answer 18

Giardia lamblia or G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis

Question 19

protozoan parasite that has emerged as a cause of dirraheal illness worldwide

Answer 19

cryptosporidium

Question 20

these types of cryptosporidium account for most human cases

Answer 20

C. parvum and C.hominis

Question 21

when do you use a syndromic GI panel?

Answer 21

when there are individuals at high risk of spreading disease or during an outbreak

Question 22

what are the noninvasive infections?

Answer 22

Aeromonas
Plesiomonas
Viral gastroenteritis (adenovirus, norwalk virus)

Question 23

what are the noninvasive but more prolonged illness parasites?

Answer 23

giardia lamblia
cryptosporidium parvum
isospora belli

Question 24

what are the invasive infections?

Answer 24

Shigella species
salmonella
camplyobacter jejuni
clostridium difficile
entamoeba hystolytica
enteroinvasive E.coli

Question 25

invasive infections with lymphatic spread?

Answer 25

salmonella typhi
yersina enterocolitica
enteropathogenic E. coli

Question 26

types of bacterial GI infections

Answer 26

enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea (noninvasive)
invasion of bowel mucosa
invasion with lymphatic spread
complications

Question 27

rapidly spreading outbreak of an infectious disease

Answer 27

epidemic

Question 28

a disease that sweeps across wide geographical areas

Answer 28

pandemic

Question 29

collection and analysis of environmental, microbiological, and clinical data

Answer 29

epidemiology

Question 30

applied to the identification and source of pathogenic microorganisms in specific locations or populations

Answer 30

molecular epidemiology

Question 31

measures biological characteristics of organisms

Answer 31

phenotypic analysis

Question 32

molecular epidemiology that targets genomic or plasmid DNA

Answer 32

genotypic analysis

Question 33

comparative method to compare test strains to reference or outbreak strains

Answer 33

Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)