IR week 7 Flashcards
2 types of antimicrobial agents
static and cidal
what type of antimicrobial agent inhibits growth?
static
what type of antimicrobial agent kills organisms?
cidal
what type of agents act against bacteria?
bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal
what time of agents act against fungi?
fungistatic and fungicidal
what structures are affected by antimicrobial action?
protein synthesis, essential metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, membrane integrity, and cell wall integrity
resulted from overuse of vancomycin after the rapid spread of MRSA
vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
which enzyme produced by NG inactivates ceftriaxone?
B-lactamase
list the mechanisms for development of resistance to antimicrobial agents
- enzymatic inactivation of agent
- altered target
- altered transport agent in or out
- acquisition of genetic factors from other resistant organisms
what has allowed for higher sensitivity, specificity and the rapid detection and typing of fungi?
sequencing and real time PCR
what are the common targets for mold typing?
ITS regions or 28S RNA
naturally exists in nature found in air, soil, and organic matter
Aspergillus fumigatus
lives in the soil, particularly in areas with high amount of bird and bat droppings
Histoplasmosis
multiplex fungal assays/fungal panels are called
Panfungal
amplicons of the ITS or 28S regions can be analyzed by
sequencing, restriction enzyme analysis, or sequence specific PCR
causative agent of amoebic dysentery and can penetrate through the gut wall and reach the liver
E. histolytica
this can detect E. histolytica in stool, abscess, aspirates, and tissue biopsies
PCR
protozoan flagellate that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms
Giardia lamblia or G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis
protozoan parasite that has emerged as a cause of dirraheal illness worldwide
cryptosporidium
these types of cryptosporidium account for most human cases
C. parvum and C.hominis
when do you use a syndromic GI panel?
when there are individuals at high risk of spreading disease or during an outbreak
what are the noninvasive infections?
Aeromonas
Plesiomonas
Viral gastroenteritis (adenovirus, norwalk virus)
what are the noninvasive but more prolonged illness parasites?
giardia lamblia
cryptosporidium parvum
isospora belli
what are the invasive infections?
Shigella species
salmonella
camplyobacter jejuni
clostridium difficile
entamoeba hystolytica
enteroinvasive E.coli
