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Principles > IR week 4 > Flashcards

IR week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the combination of soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

A

precipitation tests

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2
Q

the measure of light scatter at a particular angle from the incident beam as it passes through a suspension. the amount of light scatter is an index in the concentration of the solution

A

nephelometry

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3
Q

blood serum assays based on the microscopic clumping of antigen- antibody aggregates (uses charcoal)

A

flocculation tests

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4
Q

the process by which particulate antigens aggregate to form larger complexes when specific antibody is present

A

agglutination

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5
Q

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antigen or antibody is bound to a particle such as a silcate bead or a red blood cell (aggregation of particulate test antigen)

A

partriculate

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6
Q

a labeled immunoassay in which a biologically specific agent compete for radioactively labeled or unlabeled compounds. extremely sensitive; can detect down to pg/mL

A

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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7
Q

immunological assay commonly used to detect the presence of or measure antigens, antibodies, proteins, and glycoproteins in patient samples. an enzyme is used to provide high sensitivity, since one molecule of enzyme can generate many molecules of product

A

ELISA

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8
Q

a fluorescent compound called a fluorphore is conjugated to a reagent antibody for detection of antigens or antibodies from patient samples

A

immunofluorescent assay

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9
Q

uses electrical current to separate serum or urine proteins by their molecular weight and charge through a gel matrix (serum protein electrophoresis)

A

immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)

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10
Q

IEP is performed but antiserum is applied directly to the surface of the gel instead of placing it in a trough

A

immunofixation electrophoresis.

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11
Q

HIV is a member of which family?

A

retrovirus

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12
Q

this is characterized by a long incubation period. (time between exposure and when signs and symptoms begin to show)

A

lentivirus

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13
Q

what are the two distinct HIV viruses

A

HIV1 - causes AIDS
HIV2- immunodeficiency serum

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14
Q

this produces reverse transcriptase and endonuclease

A

pol

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15
Q

this codes for p24 and for proteins such as p17, p9, and p7

A

gag

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16
Q

codes for two plycoproteins gp41 and gp120

A

env

17
Q

core (major structural protein)

A

p24

18
Q

envelope (transmembrane protein)

A

gp41

19
Q

envelope (external protein)

A

gp160/120

20
Q

HIV life cycle

A
  1. binds to CD4 molecule
  2. exposes/ releases the viral RNA into the host cell
  3. RNA is transcribed to DNA by reverse transcriptase from retrovirus
  4. viral DNA (provirus) is then inserted into the host cells own DNA
  5. viral DNA is transcribed along with hosts DNA
  6. immature viruses (virion) leave the host cell through budding
  7. protease enzyme (p10) completes the maturation process (now a working virus)
21
Q

this stage in HIV infection includes severe T-cell depletion resulting in opportunistic infections and cancers (AIDS)

A

final stage

22
Q

what counts are used to monitor the severity of the disease?

A

CD4+ T cell counts

23
Q

what phase results in widespread dissemination of the virus with a sharp decrease in the number of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood?

A

acute phase

24
Q

what phase results in seroconversion occurance, immune response to HIV with a decrease in detectable viremia, followed by a prolonged period of clinical latency?

A

chronic phase

25
Q

this lasts for 6-12 weeks after initial infection; no detectable antibodies at this time

A

window period

26
Q

what phase occurs because of increased viral mutations creating large amounts of diversity within the viral population?

A

AIDS

27
Q

what is the normal CD4 to CD8 ratio?

A

2:1

28
Q

what is the CD4 to CD8 ration in a person with AIDS?

A

1:2

29
Q

what is the gold standard testing for HIV?

A

western blot

30
Q

what molecular techniques are used to test for HIV?

A

genetic probes
PCR assays
quantitative real time PCR

31
Q

what family is COVID 19 in?

A

Coronaviridae

32
Q

the inflammatory nature of the virus and activation of multiple systems including the immune system can result in a

A

cytokine storm

33
Q

test used to identify individuals that have had a prior SARs-CoV-2 infection or that have been vaccinated

A

antibody testing

34
Q

used to detect the presence of the virus.

A

antigen testing

35
Q

highest sensitivity for diagnosing COVID-19

A

molecular testing

36
Q

intended to provide acquired immunity

A

vaccines

Principles (10 decks)

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