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634: Electrotherapy Modalities > Iontophoresis > Flashcards

Iontophoresis Flashcards

1
Q

What was iontophoresis originally referred to as?

A

ion tranfer

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2
Q

What is phonophoresis?

A

The use of acoustic energy in the form of US to drive whole molecules across the skin into tissues

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3
Q

What is iontophoresis?

A

The use of a low level direct electric current to transport ions into the tissues

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4
Q

When should iontophoresis be used over phonophoresis?

A

When ions are suspended in solution and can be carried into the tissue by an electrical current

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5
Q

What is the significance of iontophoresis delivering medication at a constant rate transdermally?

A
  • Decreases absorption lag time
    • Increases the delivery rate when compared with passive skin applications
    • Can deliver spiked and sustained release of a drug
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6
Q

What are the 5 things rate of delivery depends on?

A
  • Concentration of the ion
  • pH of the solution
  • Molecular size of the solute
  • Current density
  • Duration of treatment
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7
Q

The electrode that has the greatest concentration of electrons is _____ charged.

A

negatively

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8
Q

Describe what happens under the negative electrode (cathode).

A

Negative ions are repelled and move toward positive electrode, which creates an acidic reaction

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9
Q

The electrode with a lower concentration of electrons is the _____ electrode.

A

positive

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10
Q

Describe what happens under the positive electrode (anode).

A

Electrons move toward the negative electrode, which creates an alkaline reaction

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11
Q

What type of reaction is more likely to produce tissue damage?

A

Alkaline

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12
Q

The force that acts to move ions through the tissues is determined by what 2 things?

A
  • Strength of the electrical field (current density)

- Electrical impedance of tissues to current flow

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13
Q

What determines ion migration?

A

Current density difference

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14
Q

What are the 3 things in which current density is altered by?

A
  • Changing the size of the electrode
  • Increasing current intensity
  • Decreasing current intensity
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15
Q

Decreasing the current intensity is recommend under which electrode?

A

negative

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16
Q

Which electrode should be larger and why?

A

The negative electrode be larger to reduce current density and potential alkaline reaction at the positive electrode

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17
Q

What types of things are poor conductors?

A

Skin and Fat

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18
Q

Skin and fat, which are poor conductors provide a _____ resistance to current flow.

A

greater

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19
Q

Skin and fat, which are poor conductors require ____ current intensities.

A

higher

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20
Q

The presence of sweat glands _____ impedance.

A

decreases

21
Q

How deep does medication penetrate duraing an average treatment?

A

1-3 mm

22
Q

What are the 4 things that determine the quantity of ions transferred into tissues?

A
  • Intensity of the current
  • Current density at the active electrode
  • Duration of the current flow
  • Concentration of ions in solution
23
Q

How can ion transfer be increased?

A

By increasing intensity and duration of treatment

24
Q

Increasing the intensity may also increase the risk of what?

A

burns

25
Q

What type of medication can be used to decrease inflammation?

A

Dexamethasone

26
Q

What type of medication can be used as an anesthetic?

A

Lidocaine

27
Q

Iontophoresis can also be used in conjunction with what types of things?

A
  • analgesics
  • peptides
  • CNS agents
  • antiviral agents
  • antihypertensive agents
28
Q

Iontophoresis utilizes a continuous direct current, which ensures what?

A

the unidirectional flow of ions

29
Q

Is an alternating current effective for iontophoresis?

A

Recent studies have shown it to be effective as well. It may help to avoid electrochemical burns

30
Q

Where should the electrodes be placed for iontophoresis?

A

The dispersive electrode should be place a few inches away from the treatment electrode

31
Q

The active (treatment) electrode should have a current density between __ mA/cm2 and __ mA/cm2.

A

0.1 - 0.5

32
Q

What should the polarity of the active electrode be?

A

The same polarity as the active ion of drug

33
Q

How long is treatment time for iontophoresis?

A

10-20 minutes

34
Q

What is current amplitude measured in?

A

milliampere minutes (mA-minutes)

35
Q

What is the effective current dosage?

A

40-80 mA-minutes (suggested 40 mA-minutes)

36
Q

How do you calculate mA-minutes?

A

Multiple the current amplitude by the treatment duration

4 mA current x 10 minute Tx = 40 mA-min dose

37
Q

What can acetate be used for clinically?

A

Calcium deposits

38
Q

Acetate has a _____ polarity.

A

negative

39
Q

What can dexamethasone be used for clinically?

A

inflammation

40
Q

Dexamethasone has a _____ polarity.

A

negative

41
Q

What can lidocaine be used for clinically?

A

as a local anesthetic

42
Q

Lidocaine has a _____ polarity.

A

positive

43
Q

What can tap water be used for clinically?

A

hyperhidrosis

44
Q

Tap water has a _____ polarity.

A

either positive or negative

45
Q

What can salicylate be used for clinically?

A

Frozen shoulder, scar tissue, plantar warts, and pother adhesive or edematous conditions

46
Q

What are some adverse side effects of iontophoresis?

A
  • Erythema
  • Itching, tingling, burning
  • Minimal blistering
47
Q

What can dampen the severity of irritation?

A

The co-delivery of saline and hydrocortisone

48
Q

What are 5 positive aspects of iontophoresis when it is used as an anesthetic?

A
  • negates the pain
  • prevents variation in absorption seen with oral medications
  • reduces the chance of over or under-dosage
  • can be used to deliver drugs with short half-lives directly to tissue
  • it is simple to use and easy to terminate if necessary

634: Electrotherapy Modalities (11 decks)

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