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634: Electrotherapy Modalities > Biofeedback > Flashcards

Biofeedback Flashcards

1
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

the use of electronic instrumentation to provide objective information (or feedback) to an individual about a physiologic function or response so that the individual becomes aware of his or her response

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2
Q

How is biofeedback used in clinical practice?

A

it is used to help the patient develop greater voluntary control following injury or dysfunction

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3
Q

______ are instruments of biofeedback

A

Clinicians

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4
Q

Feedback includes information related to what 2 things?

A
  • Sensations associated with movements itself

- Result of the action relative to some goal or objective

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5
Q

Feedback is ongoing. What does this mean?

A

It is occurring before, during, and after any motor or movement task

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6
Q

What are 5 types of intrinsic feedback?

A
  • Kinesthetic
  • Visual
  • Cutaneous
  • Vestibular
  • Auditory
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7
Q

What are 4 types of extrinsic feedback?

A
  • Knowledge of results
  • Verbally
  • Mechanically
  • Electronically
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8
Q

How do biofeedback instruments work?

A

They provide moment to moment information about a biologic function

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9
Q

What are the advantages of biofeedback?

A
  • Information is provided with speed and continuity
  • EMG biofeedback is sensitive, objective, accurate and quantitative
  • Eventually larger changes or improvement in performance can be accomplished
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10
Q

What is the goal of biofeedback?

A

to teach the patient to perceive these changes without the use of the instrument

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11
Q

What are the 5 things biofeedback instruments measure?

A
  • Peripheral skin temperature
  • Finger phototransmission
  • Skin conductance activity
  • Electroencephalograph (EEG)
  • Electromyographic activity (EMG)
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12
Q

What does peripheral skin temperature indicate?

A

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What does finger phototransmission indicate?

A

vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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14
Q

What does skin conductance activity indicate?

A

sweat gland activity

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15
Q

What does EEG record?

A

The brain’s spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time

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16
Q

What does EMG record?

A

electrical activity during muscle contraction

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17
Q

What causes EMG activity?

A

Changes in potential difference as the ACh binds to receptor sites on the sarcolemma causing depolarization

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18
Q

The amount of tension developed in a muscle is proportional to?

A

the number of active motor units

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19
Q

What does the pattern of motor unit recruitment depend on?

A
  • Inherent properties of specific motor neurons
  • Force required during the activity
  • Speed of contraction
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20
Q

Do fast or slow muscle contractions tend to excite larger motor units? Why?

A

Fast, because they depress smaller motor units

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21
Q

Does biofeedback measure muscle contraction?

A

No, it measures electrical activity associated with muscle contraction

22
Q

When can biofeedback readings be compared?

A

Only when the same equipment is used for all readings

23
Q

How can electrical activity be amplified?

A

By using two active electrodes and one ground “reference” electrode

24
Q

The electrodes are arranged in __polar arrangement

A

bipolar

25
Q

How should the 3 electrodes be placed?

A
  • Active electrodes should be placed in close proximity, with the reference electrode placed between the tow of them
26
Q

Which electrode picks up the electrical activity from the motor units firing in the muscles?

A

The active electrodes

27
Q

How are 2 separate signals created?

A

Because the magnitude of the voltages detected will differ with respect to the reference electrode

28
Q

What amplifies the difference between the 2 signals?

A

A differential amplifier

29
Q

What does the differential amplifier uses to compare the signals of the 2 active electrodes?

A

the reference electrode

30
Q

Describe the concept of “raw” activity

A

After amplification and filtering, the signal is indicative of the true electrical activity within the muscles being monitored and can be referred to the raw activity

31
Q

The direction of raw EMG polarity is constantly reversing, making it an _____ voltage.

A

alternating

32
Q

Biofeedback measures the overall increase and decrease in what?

A

electrical activity

33
Q

What does rectification of the wave create?

A

a pulsed direct current

34
Q

Following rectification of the wave what can happen to it?

A

It can be smoothed and integrated

35
Q

What does smoothing mean?

A

eliminating the high-frequency fluctuations that are produced with a changing electrical signal

36
Q

How is the wave integrated?

A

the area under the curve is measured for a specified period of time

37
Q

What forms the basis for quantification of EMG activity?

A

wave integration

38
Q

What are the 3 questions you must ask in order to determine of a patient is appropriate for biofeedback?

A

1) Does the patient have a motor impairment that would suggest that the information provided by biofeedback would be of benefit?
2) Do they have the ability for voluntary control?
3) Are they motivated and cognitively aware?

39
Q

What are the 9 health issues biofeedback is used to help manage?

A
  • Anxiety or stress
  • Asthma
  • Chemotherapy side effects
  • Chronic pain
  • Constipation
  • High blood pressure
  • Incontinence
  • Irritable bowel syndrome
  • Raynaud’s disease
40
Q

What are the 7 indications for biofeedback?

A
  • muscle re-education
  • regaining neuromuscular control
  • increasing isometric and isotonic strength
  • relaxation of muscle spasm
  • decreasing muscle guarding
  • pain reduction
  • psychological relaxation
41
Q

What is the main contraindication to biofeedback?

A

Any musculoskeletal condition that a muscular contraction might exacerbate

42
Q

What are some reasons that biofeedback appeals to people?

A
  • It’s non-invasive
  • It may reduce or eliminate the need for medications
  • It may be a treatment alternative for those who can’t tolerate medications
  • It may be an option when medications haven’t worked well
  • It may be an alternative to medications for some conditions during pregnancy
  • It helps people take charge of their health
43
Q

Describe the requirements of the electrodes that are used during biofeedback

A

They must be surface electrodes that are 4 mm to 12.5 mm and have conducting gel with a high salt content

44
Q

Where should the electrodes be placed?

A

Near to the muscle being monitored and parallel to the direction of the muscle fibers

45
Q

The electrodes are able to detect measurable signals that are how far away?

A

from a distance equal to that of the interelectrode spacing

46
Q

What does increased spacing between electrodes allow?

A

other muscles to interfere with signal processing

47
Q

How does the skin need to be prepared for biofeedback?

A

Excessive hair, oil, and dead skin have to be removed

48
Q

What are the 2 types of biofeedback?

A

Visual and auditory

49
Q

____ sensitivity should be used for muscle relaxation.

____ sensitivity should be used for muscle re-education.

A

High

Low

50
Q

What are some examples of unique biofeedback uses?

A
  • Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
  • Stress Urinary Incontinence
  • Fecal Incontinence
  • Erectile Dysfunction

634: Electrotherapy Modalities (11 decks)

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