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Oral Radiology > Ionizing Radiation- Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Ionizing Radiation- Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the atom and the three main particles that make up the atom:

A

atom is is the basic unit of matter (matter is anything that has mass and occupies a space)

includes: protons, neutrons & electrons

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2
Q

Define atomic number (3):

A

Atomic number (Z)
- number of protons
- same as number of electrons in a neutral atom
- determines the identify of the atom

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3
Q

Define mass number (2):

A

Mass number (A)
- number of protons + neutrons
- weight of nucleus

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4
Q

Number of protons + neutrons:

A

mass number (A)

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5
Q

Label what each of the arrows is representing:

A

4: Mass number (A)
2: Atomic number (Z)
He: Element Symbol

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6
Q

Explain electron configuration:

A

Electrons organized into shells around the nucleus

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7
Q

Electron configuration: Within a given atom, inner shell electrons are more:

A

tightly bound

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8
Q

Electron configuration: The closer the electron is to the nucleus:

A

the more attracted it is to the nucleus

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9
Q

Electron configuration: What shell has the highest binding energy?

A

K- shell

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10
Q

Electron configuration: The binding energy needed to remove an electron is equal to:

A

the binding energy of K

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11
Q

Electron configuration: What shell has a “middle” binding energy? What shell has the lowest binding energy?

A

L shell; M shell

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12
Q

Explain binding energy:

A

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell

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13
Q

What is binding energy measured in?

A

electron volts (eV)

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14
Q

Binding energy is closely related to atomic number, explain:

High Z –>

Low Z –>

A

High Z –> high binding energy (more protons, electrons are more tightly bound/harder to remove)

Low Z –> lower binding energy (less protons, electrons are less tightly bound/ easier to remove)

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15
Q

Explain the process of ionization:

A

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from a neutral atom

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16
Q

To ionize an atom, we need ___ to overcome ____ and free the ____.

A

sufficient external energy; electrostatic forces; electron

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17
Q

For the process of ionization, the amount of external energy to overcome the electrostatic forces to free the electron needs to be:

A

the same binding energy or more

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18
Q

Explains the propagation of radiation in form of waves:

A

Waves theory

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19
Q

What radiation theory involves “no mass, no charge”:

A

Waves theory

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20
Q

movement of energy though spaces as a combination of electric and magnetic fields:

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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21
Q

Electromagnetic radiation can be ____ or ____.

A

ionizing or non-ionizing

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22
Q

Explains the interaction of radiation within the matter:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

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23
Q

Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

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24
Q

A small discrete bundle of energy:

A

photon

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25
Q

In what theory does each photon have energy (eV), mass, and travels in a straight line at the speed of light:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

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26
Q

In the Quantum (particulate) theory describe the properties of each photon: (3)

A
  1. has energy (eV)
  2. has mass
  3. travels in straights lines at the speed of light
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27
Q

List examples of particulate radiation (quantum theory):

A

alpha, beta + (positron), beta - (electron), electron, neutron, proton

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28
Q

The particulate radiation (photon) described by the quantum theory that has the highest charge and mass:

A

alpha particle

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29
Q

Explains the propagation of radiation:

A

Waves theory

30
Q

Explains the interaction of radiation with matter:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

31
Q

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (Waves Theory) that are non-ionizing:

A

radio waves, infrared, UV, etc.

32
Q

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (Waves Theory) that are ionizing:

A

X-rays, and gamma rays

33
Q

Describe the energy and wavelength of ionizing electromagnetic radiation:

A

highest energy, lowest wavelength (shortest)

34
Q

Electromagnetic radiation that has highest energy and shortest wavelength:

A

Ionizing

35
Q

Distance between two successive crests:

A

wavelength

36
Q

The number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time:

A

frequency

37
Q

Explain the relationship between frequency and wavelength of x-rays:

A

inversely proportional

38
Q

Which wave has a higher frequency?

A

Right Wave

39
Q

Which wave has more energy?

A

Right Wave

40
Q

Which wave has a greater wavelength?

A

Left Wave

41
Q

Which wave has lower energy?

A

Left Wave

42
Q

From point A to point C represents

A

wavelength

43
Q

Frequency and wavelength are ____ proportional

A

inversely

44
Q

Explain how photon energy of electromagnetic radiation is related to frequency and wavelength:

A

Energy is DIRECTLY proportional to frequency and INVERSELY proportional to wavelength

45
Q

Energy is ____ proportional to frequency and ____ proportional to wavelength

A

DIRECTLY; INVERSELY

46
Q

High frequency means _____ wavelength and _____ energy

A

short wavelength; high energy

47
Q

Low frequency means ____ wavelength and ____ energy

A

long wavelength; low energy

48
Q

Discuss the properties of x-rays: (7)

A
  1. invisible, weightless, no electric charge
  2. travels in straight lines (x-ray beams diverges over distance)
  3. travels at speed of light
  4. highly penetrating (short wavelength of 0.01nm to 0.1 nm)
  5. differentially absorbed by matter
  6. can ionize matter
    7.produces biological changes
49
Q

X-rays can be described as ___, ____, and no ____.

A

invisible, weightless, and no charge

50
Q

X-rays travel in ___, the x-ray beam ____ over distance

A

straight lines; diverges

51
Q

X-rays travel at:

A

speed of light

52
Q

X-rays are highly ____, with a short wavelength of ____ to ____.

A

penetrating; 0.01nm to 0.1 nm

53
Q

X-rays are ____ by matter

A

differentially absorbed

54
Q

X-rays can ____ matter

A

ionize

55
Q

X-rays can produce ____ changes

A

biological

56
Q

LET:

A

linear energy transfer

57
Q

rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter:

A

Ionizing rate

58
Q

The ionizing rate depends on: (3)

A
  1. velocity
  2. charge
  3. size
59
Q

Describe the LET In the following situation:

Lower velocity
Higher charge
Bigger size

A

greater LET

60
Q

A higher LET has less ___.

A

Penetration

61
Q

A higher LET has less penetration because they ____ after ____

A

lose their energy after short distances

62
Q

The transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter:

A

Radiation

63
Q

When the energy transferred is not sufficient to overcome binding energy:

A

E- is not ejected

64
Q

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome the binding energy, e- is not ejected and the receiving e- is raised to a higher energy level within the orbit:

A

Excitation

65
Q

What happens to an electron that undergoes excitation:

A

instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level

66
Q

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of radiation?

A) x-rays have mass
B) increased frequency means short wavelengths
C) X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
D) The waves are formed as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

A

A)

67
Q

True of False, the higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET:

A

false

68
Q

True or False, microwaves are ionizing:

A

false

69
Q

Considering elements A and B, is the following statement true or false?

To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A:

Element A: atomic number 100
Element B: atomic number 110

A

true

70
Q
A

Oral Radiology (21 decks)

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