Ionizing Radiation- Lecture 2

Question 1

Describe the atom and the three main particles that make up the atom:

Answer 1

atom is is the basic unit of matter (matter is anything that has mass and occupies a space)

includes: protons, neutrons & electrons

Question 2

Define atomic number (3):

Answer 2

Atomic number (Z)
- number of protons
- same as number of electrons in a neutral atom
- determines the identify of the atom

Question 3

Define mass number (2):

Answer 3

Mass number (A)
- number of protons + neutrons
- weight of nucleus

Question 4

Number of protons + neutrons:

Answer 4

mass number (A)

Question 5

Label what each of the arrows is representing:

Answer 5

4: Mass number (A)
2: Atomic number (Z)
He: Element Symbol

Question 6

Explain electron configuration:

Answer 6

Electrons organized into shells around the nucleus

Question 7

Electron configuration: Within a given atom, inner shell electrons are more:

Answer 7

tightly bound

Question 8

Electron configuration: The closer the electron is to the nucleus:

Answer 8

the more attracted it is to the nucleus

Question 9

Electron configuration: What shell has the highest binding energy?

Answer 9

K- shell

Question 10

Electron configuration: The binding energy needed to remove an electron is equal to:

Answer 10

the binding energy of K

Question 11

Electron configuration: What shell has a “middle” binding energy? What shell has the lowest binding energy?

Answer 11

L shell; M shell

Question 12

Explain binding energy:

Answer 12

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell

Question 13

What is binding energy measured in?

Answer 13

electron volts (eV)

Question 14

Binding energy is closely related to atomic number, explain:

High Z –>

Low Z –>

Answer 14

High Z –> high binding energy (more protons, electrons are more tightly bound/harder to remove)

Low Z –> lower binding energy (less protons, electrons are less tightly bound/ easier to remove)

Question 15

Explain the process of ionization:

Answer 15

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from a neutral atom

Question 16

To ionize an atom, we need ___ to overcome ____ and free the ____.

Answer 16

sufficient external energy; electrostatic forces; electron

Question 17

For the process of ionization, the amount of external energy to overcome the electrostatic forces to free the electron needs to be:

Answer 17

the same binding energy or more

Question 18

Explains the propagation of radiation in form of waves:

Answer 18

Waves theory

Question 19

What radiation theory involves “no mass, no charge”:

Answer 19

Waves theory

Question 20

movement of energy though spaces as a combination of electric and magnetic fields:

Answer 20

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 21

Electromagnetic radiation can be ____ or ____.

Answer 21

ionizing or non-ionizing

Question 22

Explains the interaction of radiation within the matter:

Answer 22

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 23

Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons:

Answer 23

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 24

A small discrete bundle of energy:

Answer 24

photon

Question 25

In what theory does each photon have energy (eV), mass, and travels in a straight line at the speed of light:

Answer 25

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 26

In the Quantum (particulate) theory describe the properties of each photon: (3)

Answer 26

1. has energy (eV) 2. has mass 3. travels in straights lines at the speed of light

Question 27

List examples of particulate radiation (quantum theory):

Answer 27

alpha, beta + (positron), beta - (electron), electron, neutron, proton

Question 28

The particulate radiation (photon) described by the quantum theory that has the highest charge and mass:

Answer 28

alpha particle

Question 29

Explains the propagation of radiation:

Answer 29

Waves theory

Question 30

Explains the interaction of radiation with matter:

Answer 30

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 31

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (Waves Theory) that are non-ionizing:

Answer 31

radio waves, infrared, UV, etc.

Question 32

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (Waves Theory) that are ionizing:

Answer 32

X-rays, and gamma rays

Question 33

Describe the energy and wavelength of ionizing electromagnetic radiation:

Answer 33

highest energy, lowest wavelength (shortest)

Question 34

Electromagnetic radiation that has highest energy and shortest wavelength:

Answer 34

Ionizing

Question 35

Distance between two successive crests:

Answer 35

wavelength

Question 36

The number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time:

Answer 36

frequency

Question 37

Explain the relationship between frequency and wavelength of x-rays:

Answer 37

inversely proportional

Question 38

Which wave has a higher frequency?

Answer 38

Right Wave

Question 39

Which wave has more energy?

Answer 39

Right Wave

Question 40

Which wave has a greater wavelength?

Answer 40

Left Wave

Question 41

Which wave has lower energy?

Answer 41

Left Wave

Question 42

From point A to point C represents

Answer 42

wavelength

Question 43

Frequency and wavelength are ____ proportional

Answer 43

inversely

Question 44

Explain how photon energy of electromagnetic radiation is related to frequency and wavelength:

Answer 44

Energy is DIRECTLY proportional to frequency and INVERSELY proportional to wavelength

Question 45

Energy is ____ proportional to frequency and ____ proportional to wavelength

Answer 45

DIRECTLY; INVERSELY

Question 46

High frequency means _____ wavelength and _____ energy

Answer 46

short wavelength; high energy

Question 47

Low frequency means ____ wavelength and ____ energy

Answer 47

long wavelength; low energy

Question 48

Discuss the properties of x-rays: (7)

Answer 48

1. invisible, weightless, no electric charge 2. travels in straight lines (x-ray beams diverges over distance) 3. travels at speed of light 4. highly penetrating (short wavelength of 0.01nm to 0.1 nm) 5. differentially absorbed by matter 6. can ionize matter 7.produces biological changes

Question 49

X-rays can be described as ___, ____, and no ____.

Answer 49

invisible, weightless, and no charge

Question 50

X-rays travel in ___, the x-ray beam ____ over distance

Answer 50

straight lines; diverges

Question 51

X-rays travel at:

Answer 51

speed of light

Question 52

X-rays are highly ____, with a short wavelength of ____ to ____.

Answer 52

penetrating; 0.01nm to 0.1 nm

Question 53

X-rays are ____ by matter

Answer 53

differentially absorbed

Question 54

X-rays can ____ matter

Answer 54

ionize

Question 55

X-rays can produce ____ changes

Answer 55

biological

Question 56

LET:

Answer 56

linear energy transfer

Question 57

rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter:

Answer 57

Ionizing rate

Question 58

The ionizing rate depends on: (3)

Answer 58

1. velocity 2. charge 3. size

Question 59

Describe the LET In the following situation: Lower velocity Higher charge Bigger size

Answer 59

greater LET

Question 60

A higher LET has less ___.

Answer 60

Penetration

Question 61

A higher LET has less penetration because they ____ after ____

Answer 61

lose their energy after short distances

Question 62

The transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter:

Answer 62

Radiation

Question 63

When the energy transferred is not sufficient to overcome binding energy:

Answer 63

E- is not ejected

Question 64

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome the binding energy, e- is not ejected and the receiving e- is raised to a higher energy level within the orbit:

Answer 64

Excitation

Question 65

What happens to an electron that undergoes excitation:

Answer 65

instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level

Question 66

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of radiation? A) x-rays have mass B) increased frequency means short wavelengths C) X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum D) The waves are formed as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

Answer 66

A)

Question 67

True of False, the higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET:

Answer 67

false

Question 68

True or False, microwaves are ionizing:

Answer 68

false

Question 69

Considering elements A and B, is the following statement true or false? To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A: Element A: atomic number 100 Element B: atomic number 110

Answer 69

true