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Oral Radiology > CBCT Basics > Flashcards

CBCT Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Digital image processing/modifications include:

A
  1. compression
  2. imaging manipulations
  3. image reconstruction
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2
Q

Imaging manipulations = automated image analysis which includes:

A

Qualitative image analysis & Quantitative image analysis

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3
Q

Imaging manipulation that changes pixels digital value

A

qualitative

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4
Q

Imaging manipulation that counts the number of pixels:

A

quantitative

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5
Q

Data is utilized by other software programs and produces different image presentations:

A

Image reconstruction

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6
Q

Label the following views from the spiral CT Scan 3D image reconstruction:

A
  1. caudal cranial view
  2. buccal view
  3. distal view
  4. lingual view
  5. mesial view
  6. occlusal view
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7
Q

You don’t do a CBCT _____, you do a CBCT ____

A

Image; scan

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8
Q

Use of computers to generate multiple images of an object from digitized density information obtained from various signals; x-radiation (MDCT), (CBCT), magnetic fields (MRI), sonar radiation (ultrasound), etc.

A

Computed tomography

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9
Q

Two forms of x-ray CT:

A
  1. CBCT (Cone beam computed tomography)
  2. MDCT (Multi detector computed tomography)
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10
Q

CBCT and MDCT are both forms of:

A

x-ray CT

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11
Q

CBCT was developed in:

A

Japan Europe before 2000 A.D.

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12
Q

What was the first commercially available cone beam system in the U.S.?

A

NewTom (in 2001)

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13
Q

What version of Newtom was created in 2001?

A

NewTom 9000

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14
Q

NewTom 9000 was later renamed:

A

NewTom3G

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15
Q

NewTom 9000/ NewTom3G is similar to panoramic but captures:

A

density values of the whole object at different angles

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16
Q

NewTom 9000 (2001) is similar to the first:

A

MDCT in 1971

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17
Q

Describe the change of design from the NewTom3G to the NewTom VGi:

A

lay down versions –> stand up version

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18
Q

Label the names of the following machines:

A

Left: NewTom 3G
Right: NewTom VGi

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19
Q

How is the NewTom VGi EVO similar to a pano?

A

The patient stands while getting scanned

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20
Q

With the NewTom VGi EVO, the imaging capture process is _____ and the image processing is ____

A

short; longer

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21
Q

What device produced by Sirona is small r and used more often?

A

Orthophos XG 3D

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22
Q

Sironas Larger model =

Sironas smaller model =

A

Gallileo

Orthophos

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23
Q

What models did I-CAT FLX Create?

A

V8, V10, V17

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24
Q

What is significant about I-CAT FLX V8, V10, and V17 models?

A

Sit down models

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25
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a sit down unit:

A

Takes more time to get patient settled in but there is less chance for motion artifact

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26
Q

The faster the scan, the ____ but the lower the ____

A

less information; radiation dose

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27
Q

T/F: Most of the sit down units have a larger detector so they tend to be more expensive

A

True

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28
Q

List what CBCT models are made by CareStream:

A

CS8100 & CS9300 Select

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29
Q

Caresetream was originally _____ but went ____

A

Kodak; bankrupt

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30
Q

What models are shown in the following images?

A

CS 8100 (left)

CS 9300 Select (right)

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31
Q

What model is shown in the following image?

A

V8, V10 and V17 I-CAT FLX models

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32
Q

What model is shown in the following image?

A

Sirona Galileo

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33
Q

What model is shown in the following image?

A

Sirona Orthopthos

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34
Q

Both the CS8100 and CS9100 Select are ____ CBCT units

A

stand up

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35
Q

VaTech Picasso models are what type of CBCTs?

A

This company has both sit down and stand-up units

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36
Q

What model is seen in the image below?

A

VaTech Green 21 model

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37
Q

What models are shown in the following image?

A

VaTech Picasso models

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38
Q

What model is shown in the following image?

A

Morita X800

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39
Q

What CBCT unit is UMKC getting next year?

A

Morita X800

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40
Q

The larger the scan, the more time it takes= ____dose

A

The higher the dose

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41
Q

Due to a larger scan taking more time and ultimately have a higher radiation dose, you would prefer the patient to:

A

Sit in a chair so they don’t have to retake the scan

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42
Q

What type of CBCT do we currently have in the school that is Dr. Briners baby?

A

I-CAT FLX

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43
Q

What type of CBCT is seen in the image below?

A

Morita 3D Accuitomo 170

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44
Q

The CBCT brand Planmeca has what models?

A

Planmeca Viso G5; Planmeca Viso G7

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45
Q

What is the difference between the FOVs between Plameca Viso G5 versus Planmeca Viso G7

A

Plameca Viso G5 : FOVs: 3x3 cm and 30x17cm

versus Planmeca Viso G7: FOVs= 3x3cm; 30x19 cm and 30x30cm

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46
Q

Aside form the FOVs another difference seen between Plameca Viso G5 versus Planmeca Viso G7, is that the G7 uses a:

A

2 scan technique

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47
Q

T/F: Nearly all CBCT Units are good quality high-end imaging equipment made for a very competitive market place

A

True

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48
Q

CBCT units become outdated due to competition from:

A
  1. competitor brands
  2. technical innovations
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49
Q

List examples of technical innovations that contribute to CBCT units becoming outdated:

A
  1. memory
  2. bit depth
  3. FOV option
  4. Operating systems
  5. compatibility with software technologies
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50
Q

What technical innovation is being described below?

  • how well it works with other digital systems to store the images
A

Memory

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51
Q

What technical innovation is being described below?

  • Resolution
A

Bit depth

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52
Q

What technical innovation is being described below?

Site of scanner:

A

FOV options

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53
Q

The lifetime of CBCT unit is ~

A

6-8 years

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54
Q

Panoramic if used properly can last up to:

A

20 years (CBCTs are different)

55
Q

What factors contribute to the shorter lifespan of 6-8 years of a CBCT unit?

A
  1. X-ray tube burns out
  2. Software system gets old (older systems don’t integrate well with newer softwares)
  3. Operating system changes
56
Q

List the benefit of cone beam imaging

A

Less radiation than other forms of CT (i.e. MDCT) for hard tissue imaging

57
Q

Explain the concept of less radiation from cone beam imaging for hard tissue imaging compared to other forms of CT:

A
  1. Less scanning of X-radiation
  2. Lower radiation
58
Q

List the effective dose for the following CT exams:

1) CBCT large FOV
2) CBCT medium FOV
3) CBCT small FOV

4) MDCT- head
5) MDCT- abdomen
6) MDCT- chest

A

All measured in microSv (uSv)

1) CBCT large FOV: 68-1073
2) CBCT medium FOV: 45-860
3) CBCT small FOV: 19-652

4) MDCT- head: 960-1500
5) MDCT- abdomen: 5300
6) MDCT- chest: 5800

59
Q

List the effective dose for the following CT exams in days background radiation:

1) CBCT large FOV
2) CBCT medium FOV
3) CBCT small FOV

4) MDCT- head
5) MDCT- abdomen
6) MDCT- chest

A

1) CBCT large FOV: 8-126
2) CBCT medium FOV: 5-101
3) CBCT small FOV: 2-77

4) MDCT- head: 101-177
5) MDCT- abdomen: 624
6) MDCT- chest: 682

60
Q

1 day of background radiation is ~

A

8.5 microSV (uSv)

61
Q

MDCT stand for ___, NOT ____

A

Multidetector CT; Not Medical CT

62
Q

Why is there so much overlap in the effective dose for common CT exams?

A

There are other factors that affect the dose, not just considering the question of the size of the area being scanned

63
Q

CBCT Dosimetry study values vary because:

A

studies are NOT directly comparable

64
Q

CBCT Dosimetry study values vary because studies are NOT directly comparable, list examples of what we mean by this:

A
  1. variations in experimental methodologies
  2. different devises and settings
  3. different size FOVs including shapes of FOV
  4. differences in high and low resolution scans
  5. dosimetry phantoms
  6. ICRP E(1990) vs. E(2007)
64
Q

Factors affecting dose of CBCT scan:

A
  1. FOV
  2. Exposure
  3. Voxel
  4. Sensors
65
Q
  1. variations in experimental methodologies
  2. different devises and settings
  3. different size FOVs including shapes of FOV
  4. differences in high and low resolution scans
  5. dosimetry phantoms
  6. ICRP E(1990) vs. E(2007)

These are all causes of:

A

Effective dose of CT scans overlap

66
Q

FOV=

A

Field of View

67
Q

The Field of view referred to as the FOV refers to the:

A

Size of the volume captured in the scan

68
Q

Almost all CBCT systems on the market capture a volume (FOV) that is shaped like a:

A

cylinder (tin can)

69
Q

The FOV is expressed in 2 numbers typically measured in:

A

cm (online)

mm (slides)

70
Q

The FOV is expressed in 2 numbers. The first number typically refers to the ____ of the cylinder, while the second number refers to the ___

A

The diameter of the circular face of the cylinder (top of the pop can) while the second number refers to the height

71
Q

What is the shape of a flat panel detector (CBCT FOV)

A

Cylinder (popcorn)

72
Q

List the steps of the CBCT unit:

A
  1. image acquisition
  2. raw data (2D projection)
  3. image reconstruction (3D dataset)
  4. visualization (2D slices, etc)
73
Q

The field of view size can be selected and positioned according to the:

A

diagnostic task

74
Q

CBCT units have capabilities for scanning a range of:

75
Q

T/F: You pick the field of view you need and then position the patient in the CBCT unit

A

False- You position the patient first and then pick the filed of view you need according the area being imaged

76
Q

The _____ needs to be in the selected field of view

A

area being imaged

77
Q

What is the difference between the PaX-i3D Smart and the PaX-13D Premium?

A

PaX-i3D premium has multi FOV leading to more area being imaged (you can image the whole skull with this)

78
Q

If you are wanting to capture a full skull image compared to a small area of teeth, you would need:

A

A larger detector (more expensive)

79
Q

What is the FOV for these images?

A

8cm x 15cm

80
Q

What is the FOV for these images?

A

13cm x 15cm

81
Q

What is the FOV for these images? What can this be considered?

A

26cm x 15cm (extended FOV)

82
Q

CBCT factors affecting dose:

A
  1. FOV
  2. Exposure
  3. Voxel
  4. Sensors
83
Q

The kV ranges for CBCT based on:

84
Q

When discussing kV of a CBCT we are talking about:

85
Q

What is the kV range between various CBCT units?

A

75kV-120kv

86
Q

What is the mA ranges between various CBCT units?

87
Q

When talking about exposure, ____ is affected by basis image data:

88
Q

X-ray beam projection scheme shows _____ imaging geometry with the resultant imaging production

89
Q

In CBCT image production, multiple ____ projections form the ____

A

basis image; projection data

90
Q

After the CBCT unit forms multiple basis image projections forming the projection data, A ____ is then constructed by an imaging software program.

A

Volumetric data set

91
Q

A ____ is constructed by an imaging software program which then displays various ____

A

volumetric data set; image recontstructions

92
Q

The image reconstructions produced by the imaging software program from the volumetric data set is depend on the power of the programs as specified by the:

A

software manufacturers

93
Q

X-ray beam projection scheme shows a “cone” beam imaging geometry with the resultant production of:

A

a basis image

94
Q

To obtain projected images, the X-ray tube and detector move ___ around the ___

A

concomitantly; axis of rotation

95
Q

To obtain projected images, the ___ and ___ move concomitantly around the axis of rotation

A

X-ray tube and detector

96
Q

_____as the machine rotates counterclockwise from position 1 to position 2

A

two basis-image capture sequences

97
Q

What way does a CBCT machine rotate?

A

counterclockwise

98
Q

CBCT scans routinely capture in the range of ____ to ____ basis images per rotational scan

99
Q

CBCT scans routinely capture a range of 100 to 600 ___ per ___

A

basis images; rotational scan

100
Q

When a low number of ___ is used, the object is under sampled and the image exhibits streaks along the direction of the back projected rays:

A

projections

101
Q

How could you fix this if this were the result of your CBCT scan?

A

An improved reconstruction is possible when the number of projection angles is increased

102
Q

The number of basis images affects:

A
  1. image quality
  2. dose
103
Q

The number of basis images affects image quality and dose, explain:

A

The more basis images captured= the more detailed the reconstruction will be however, the more basis image captured = the more radiation the patient is exposed to

104
Q

The smaller the voxel size =

A

better the image because of higher resolution

105
Q

Factors affecting dose include:

A
  1. exposure settings (kV, mA, Time)
  2. resolution (voxel size)
  3. FOV
106
Q

The smaller the voxel size the ____ obtained

A

more information

107
Q

Which image is the result of a smaller voxel size?

108
Q

A voxel size of 0.3mm cubed =

A

300 micrometers cubed

109
Q

A voxel of 0.075mm cubed =

A

75 micrometers cubed

110
Q

Small voxel yields ___ resolution

111
Q

Small voxel size yields LOWER ___

A

Signal to noise ratio

112
Q

Small voxel size yields ____ radiation dose

113
Q

Why might small voxel size after a certain point result in degraded image quality?

A

smooths too much due to Compton scatter (signal to noise ratio)

114
Q

What is the voxel size for larger FOVs?

A

Greater than or equal to 0.200 mm= 200 micrometers

115
Q

What is the voxel size for smaller FOVs (less than or equal to 5cmx5cm)

A

Less than 0.200mm = 200 micrometers

116
Q

Small voxel yields high resolution but requires ____ (___) to capture signal in the greater number of the smaller voxels

A

more x-ray photons (higher exposure)

117
Q

T/F: Current scanners are not configured for the longer scan times and longer processing times for a large FOV with a small voxel size

118
Q

Smaller voxels need more ____ which yields a higher ___

A

photon signal; radiation dose

119
Q

Sensors are also known as:

120
Q

A panoramic focal trough is a ____ focal trough

121
Q

Label what kind of image detectors are seen in the CBCT units below?

A

left: charge-coupled image intensifier detector

right: flat-panel detector

122
Q

Label which detector produces the following distortion patterns:

A

A: Image-intensifier detector
B: Flat-panel detector

123
Q

Grid type X distortion pattern is a result of:

A

image-intensifier detector

124
Q

Grid type Y distortion pattern is a result of:

A

Flat-panel detector

125
Q

With a grid type x (image-intensifier detector) distortion pattern, distortion of the image grid occurs:

A

when moving away from the center

126
Q

For this type of image detector, even at more distant areas from the center of the grid, there is minimal to no distortion of the grid pattern:

A

Flat-panel detector (Grid Y)

127
Q

Improved image quality an higher signal-to-noise ratio are seen with what type of image detector?

A

Flat-panel

128
Q

What type of image detector results in a lower radiation dose?

A

CCD image intensifier

129
Q

CBVT:

A

Cone beam volume tomography

130
Q

DCT:

A

Dental CT (bad term)

131
Q

MCT:

A

Micro CT (Bad term)

132
Q

3DI:

A

3D imaging (terrible term)

Oral Radiology (21 decks)

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